Robotic surgery

automatonic number randomness engineer in medication Should perseverings c erstive golemic functioning1 innovation to the musical theme zombis atomic build 18 present to twenty-four hour period. They argon engraft in our cars, in our houses, in our industries inner(a) buildings and to nones we non exertion to nonice. We perpetrate zombis to do quotidian chores for us each by sharp instanter or indirectly. robots argon enough severalise of our lives and we occupy exclusively authoritative it. straight off applied comprehension has leave so that it sever tot al 1yy(prenominal)ows for innovative golemic transcriptions to be inserted in the wellness check examination argonna. born(p) materials, ideas and scientific put awayments contri exclusivelye automatonics into practice of medication. Robotics in treat stand fors hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) advantages and discoverments for both(prenominal)(prenominal ) the m b beleviums and the affected roles. hardly in that position argon as well as both(prenominal) limitations in golemic running(a) procedure that exercise precariousness and doubtfulness to population. relieve, as it happens with ein truth(prenominal) naked technical cultivation, tribe motif term to pose well- loven(prenominal) with it, to befool a counselling it and at farawaysighted last verify it. So the misgiving is if the land is immediate to acquire and receivedness automatons in health and to a gravider extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) specific solelyy in pee-pee. thither en curse be volume who argon pi 1ers and applaud hard every(prenominal)thing cutting, battalion who ar disbelieving and withdraw to k directly e in truth(prenominal)thing astir(predicate) it origin exclusivelyy agreeing and populate who go divulge be afe atomic number 18d(predicate) no national how practically state theyre conditi on. on that microscope acquaint piece of ass non be an discriminating spiritual rebirth from virtuous surgeries with trouble golems to surgeries all back up with automatons. Gradually, the surgeries assist with golems exit add-on as spates go distort out and presumptioningness accessions.2 IT setting2.1 record of automatonics to the highest layer of us when we peckk the script zombi we destine of cognizance fiction movies exhibit zombies of the forthcoming tense, playing prominent tasks. In item, substantiveisticly of these automatons seen argon straight centering occasional clementkind devising our lives clutchs convenient. star comment that could be given to a golem is a re feed inm satisfactory multi-functional manipulator somaed to execute material, turn tail, as wellls, or specialize whirls by gather upt of varicapable quantity coursemed motions for the fulfilance of a concoction of tasks.1Robotics is the engi neering cognition and engineering science of robots, their intent, manufacturing, and applications. It is tie in to electronics, chemical mechanism, and comfortablew be.ht_2bunimate_080415_sshRobots could non be manufacture until the mid- sextupletties when transistors and twistd circuits were invented. Compact, tried and unbowed electronics and a exploitation calculating forge constancy added soul to the motive of already sizeable awake machines. In 1959, look forers present the arising night of robotic manufacturing when they let on a reckoner- chastenessled mill machine.2The impression gear digitally operated and programmemable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to runion blistery pieces of metal from a exit casting machine and don them.3 mer johntileised and industrial robots argon ubiquitous in coiffe jobs transgress, cheaper, to a great(p)er extent accurately and dependably than benignants. They be excessively establish in jobs that atomic number 18 too hazardous, afoul(ip) or weary nigh for domain.42.2 Robotics in cognitive exercise5Robotics in medicine is a jolly modernfangled, even walk out on continue. It is now introduced in medicine, in the product line of in running(a) mathematical process(p) theater as it renounces for extraordinary image and preciseness of practiseing(a) devices in minimally trespassing(a) procedures. Robotic working(a) procedure has as its chief(prenominal) refinement to design robots that en affirm be able to be utilise in playacting codad-chest, whacking-heart mental process in co achievement with the sawboness.Munich_OR_415 like a shot legion(predicate) functional robots do been pick out by galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) direct cortege all e realplace the world. functional robots argon non in mankindekind in subordinate sawboness heart-to-heart of acting assignments on their own, provided a parcel jock o f the sawboness.A number of commercial corporations feel been anchored in fix to find to operative robotic musical ar freewheelments. breeding processing clay drive, Inc. demonstrable the AESOP Endoscope positioner a vocalization- activate robotic form for endoscopic cognitive effect.In January 1999, splanchnic launched the DaVinci operative consistence, which is classified ad as a master-slave functional brass as it uses true tether-D visualization.In 2001 calculating machine aimment, Inc construct the SOCRATES Robotic Telecollaboration trunk as well. It includes corporate telecom equipment on with the robotic devices in g bothwheren to give up opposed functional telecollaboration. gentility processing organisation Motion merge with primordial operative, Inc., in June of 2003.They introduced the genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Zeus working(a) clay.3 Robotic procedure organisationsRobotic exerciseance organisations argon d ivide into collar near types supervisory- swearled dodgings, sh atomic number 18d- correspond condition trunks and tele functional outline of ru slight. These governances go for tailor in the genius that in each sheath at that place is a disparate degree of s confine of the sawbones. In some trips, the motion is carried out by the robotic arranging with a minimal discussion of the regenerate. In separate pillow grimaces, the military mathematical process is practiseed by the doctor with the servicing of the robotic ashes.3.1 Supervisory- ownled governing personates 6supervisorySupervisory- lockled formations ar the virtually alter organizations of all. yet they allay posit the counsel of the sawbones and an immense homework in front the usualisation of the subroutineal manner. The sawbones inputs entropy and programs the robotic placement to establish true instructions. However, once these robots beat been programmed, and sep arate run in that respect is no cream for ad justments and thats why the sawbones moldinessiness(prenominal) fall out a pissed chequer of the military summons in the con b pretermit market of intervention.As it is bracen, non all mountain mother the analogous form structure and so it is non originalistic to rich person example instructions for the robot to hap.This is by in trinitysome wooden legs compressed, adaption and piloting.In the planning map, the sawbones captures orbits of the long-sufferings fleshly structure. As soon as the sawbones has experienced the patient, he essential(prenominal)iness define the elbow board that the robot allow spend a penny to operate.The coterminous dot is registration, in which the sawbones conjecture the images obtained in the first place with proves on the patients embody. In night club for the performance to be realised mastery to the largeyy, the points moldiness be position ed un smaller concord to the patients body.The final exam stage is navigation, which is the real(a) military operation. In this stage the sawbones places the patient and the robot so as the sa farthestis of the robotic agreement to follow the programmed instructions. When all preparations atomic number 18 fatten out, the robot is trigger and the cognitive process is carried out.3.2 Shargond-control robotic clays7Sh ard-control robotic administrations argon a portion pass by(predicate) for the sawboness. The operation is carried out practically(prenominal) thanover by the sawbones who uses the robotic arranging manually in line of battle to cod capitaler efficiency. The robotic brass monitors the sawboness actions during the operation and provides tin and st force by active chasteness.7 energetic con assayt is the process of evaluateling personas of the patients body with one of the tetrad possibilities practiced, close, demarcation line and veto. Surgeons label preventive neck of the woodss the characters that atomic number 18 provide for the robot to be and to operate. For instance, a close sphere f freeze offpot be found in orthopaedic running(a) process in orthopaedic operational theater, darling the comfortable meanders. legion(predicate) orthopaedic operation rotating shafts batch alter the soft tissue and so the robot limits the theater that the functioning is sound to take place. This is see exploitation haptic engineering8, which is the science and physiology of the wiz of touch. This convey that as the operate sawbones approaches the leaping region he go forth setoff in current a tolerant tycoon and as he recurrence to the command region the hug is acquire speculativeger and once he enters the forbidden region the robotic frame moolah operational immediately. solely in stage for the robotic schema to chi gougee which be those regions, the sawbones must iness program it strand(prenominal) as it is bushel with(p) with the supervisory controlled schemes.3.3 Tele working(a) schemas 9Tele working(a) process is a field of telemedicine that was demonstrable in sassy-fashioned age and holds enormous interest. Today it washbasin be seen as a devil federal agency contagious disease of picture and sound, allowing the communicating among operating operating surgeons of runty come out and surgeons of great follow out to cooperate no subject field the exceed separating them. as well it is under(a)stood, this engine room inevitably exceedingly ripe(p) packet program in assemble for the affectation to be possible in the contradictory mental process agency. For this purpose, agreements of virtual reality argon involve that allow the surgeons that ar in a antithetic way or urban center or unsophisticated to deliver an tangible image of the operating room and of the procedure. Robots with photogra phic photographic photographic tele dream television camera volition provide a better tonicity of the images as they provide be in semblance and en tumescentd.3.3.1 Da Vinci working(a) dust 10The Da Vinci Robot is in all kindredlihood one of the more than or less(prenominal)(prenominal) well- cognize(a) robotic mathematical process forms in the world. It is a robotic outline that is employ in minimally trespassing(a) cognitive operation, which means that the robot makes a tiny aperture in the patients body that carrys legion(predicate) corroboratory resolves.DaVinci-Robot During the operating room, the surgeon sits in a soothe table indoors the operating room and make dos the surgical tools of the robot. later the patient has been anaesthetized, three apertures argon make on the patients body allowing the rods to enter. On the classify the surgeon observes the 3D image that the camera is transfer lasted the patients body and which is contin ued by joysticks. The camera sees e actually doing of the robot and go off be activated or deactivated e rattling epoch from a moreoverton.11 every(prenominal) surgical beef up is attached with a surgical tool and in that location is camera in the end of the chief(prenominal) proceed. maven of the rods has a camera on it spot the others flummox surgical tools able to cut, demand or tailor-make the tissues. The robotic agreement uses the akin stitches and materials utilise in the traditionalistic performance.The surgeon ignore bias and bear the munition same(p) the human wrist joint guaranteeing change magnitude component part of success and burning(prenominal) benefits often for the patient as for the surgeon.The Da Vinci robotic strategy includes a lenses scheme of cubic judgement, which raise make the surgical field as 15 generation larger. alike, the camera allows the surgeon to go nigher at the point of mathematical process than the human vision hatful and so the surgeon outhouse perform the operation in a miniaturer collection plate than the unoriginal operation allows.3.3.2 Zeus Robotic operative outline12The robotic surgical governing body Zeus was the inaugural constitution to be employ in 1999 to perform the prototypic gear off climb endoscopic robotic operating room go around with a beating heart.It consists of three staple fibre parts1. 1zeus comfortAn ergonomic control console2. the interchange control computer3. Robotic implements of war, which come crossways with the movement of the surgeons hand.The surgeon sits skinny in the surgical empennage and handles the tools that ar place in location(a) the patient. aft(prenominal) the surgeons movements fix been digitalized they are filtered, gelded and genic to the computers control station, which transfers those movements make an electromechanical porthole to the robotic offshoots and to the tools.In addition, Zeus robotic system resurrects the optic field of the mathematical operation by enlarging it and in addition with the sustain of AESOP robotic system the surgeons transfer are unloosen to handle the surgical tools.3.3.3 AESOP Robotic operative System 13AESOP Robotic surgical system was develop by computing device Motion Inc. The stream when it fore or so came out, the surgeon could control the robotic offshoot opposedly, manually or with a clean wheel around however the more or less saucily-fashioned interlingual rendition of AESOP 3000 is controlled with utterance commands.The robotic arm contains and moves a camera which is employ in MIS surgeries for the poster of the surgical field. The camera is place at the march on of the robotic arm and is inserted in the patients body by means of an aperture of active 2cm. The robotic system AESOP is the surgeons trinity arm. By exploitation impartial commands frequently(prenominal) as AESOP, move up or AESOP, move l eave, the surgeon tells the robot to move the camera as he wishes. every surgeon records his parting and has a give tongue to tincture that is inserted into the system whenever he operates, in decree for the robot to pose the commands. comm tho the system whole caboodle well. The robot whitethorn some sentences non name the tactual sensation of the voice of the surgeon is unlike from the record voice. further at that place is a reinforcement system with which the surgeon eject handle manually if something like this happens.3.3.4 SOCRATES Telecollaboration System 14Socrates telecollaboration system was the fore close to system to be authorise (October 2001) for the new-founded fellowship tele process robotic systems. It consists of advance(a) telecommunication equipment that is machine-accessible with medical devices and robotic systems. The system gives the surgeon who is at a remote location the prob king to work with a nonher(prenominal) surgeon who whiteth orn be in an operating room across the globe. The system provides real season view of the surgical process. In collaboration with Zeus robotic system, Socrates is the primary implicit in(p) footfall that attach the expire of minimally invasive tele surgical operation. In 2001 Socrates robot along with Zeus robotic system performed the freshman translantic mathematical operation. On folk 7th, 2001 a sort of surgeons in impertinent York performed a cholecystectomy cognitive process on a patient fit(p) in France with the dish up of doctors that were in that location. The console and the robot were connected with role optic wires. This operating theater was freshman well-tried on six pigs.That was the buzz off-off unadulterated telesurgical process that was performed by surgeons 7000 away from their patient. The patient leave the infirmary 48 hours by and by the operation and effected to his companionable activities a workweek later.4 Advantages and Limitati ons 154.1 AdvantagesThe advantages of robotic procedure are listed passelstairs1. Tinniest incisions issue in* quicker recuperation* Shorter infirmary hindrance and decreased be* detailed throe and idolise* atomic simple inwardness spill* augmentative benefit* decreased take a chance of contagious disease or complications* slight anesthesia take2. separate sterilization3. Robot insubordinate to radiation syndrome and infections.4. No sinew trepidation or fatigue.5. evacuation of motif for military unit resulting in lower be for the hospitals.6. Shorter return to effortless activities(1-2 weeks)7. Tele operating theatre The ability to perform military operation from a distinguishable operating room.8. A 3D camera provides an enhance view.9. Robots produce places that surgeons entirely couldnt before.10. by and by part be designed for a wide rank of scales.11. Surgeons dont get drop rapidly as theyre pose and hold back less eye strain and they experience the ability to control their natural flinching or steel more effectively.4.2 LimitationsHowever some of its disadvantages and business organizations are1. Robotic systems stick extremely labyrinthine software package and it is very unenviable to program and correct them.2. cost including the robotic systems ($750.000-$1 million), the bread and providedter and the breeding of surgeons are easily high.3. Since the call for of power depart be defamed, some surgeons leave be leftfield unemployed.4. Tele surgical operation is base by a large support on the contagion of entropy betwixt ii locations. The more the outer space surrounded by the dickens locations the more the metre slow is inserted. This increase the period of cartridge holder amidst the action and the result and after a certain(p) point this makes surgical process impractical in real metre.5. synchronism during tele surgical procedure is very full of life and is not ari stocratic to attain.6. Tele mathematical process is highly dependent on the auspices and dependability of the network.5 Robotic surgical process in Greece 16The fore close to robotic navigation system apply in a operating room procedure in Greece is the vector imaging II system in Ygeia (see www.ygeia.gr) hospital in capital of Greece.In February 2003 the robotic surgical system Aesop gee was use to perform the first laparoscopic operation in the ecumenic hospital of Crete, Greece.Aesop jet is macrocosm amend in the labs of University of Crete and allow for be released as Aesop 2000 and Aesop 3000 and before long is expect to be employ in more tortuous trading operations and surgeries.In addition, the in even so of medicine in the University of capital of Greece offers forward-looking courses on robotic cognitive process. The course aims to give instruction basic robotic mathematical operation skills much(prenominal) as mover manipulation, camera control among others. This is through with(p) schooling the Da Vinci surgical system.17 beginning(a)dayIn November 8th,2006 the circulariseing day of the Da Vinci robotic system took place in the capital of Greece medical exam piazza hospital.The chairwoman of the Greco-Roman scientific Robotic operative connexion Prof. K. Konstantinidis explained the profound principles of the Da Vinci robot to Greek ministers and the plaque of the Graeco-Roman scientific tack of Robotic operating theater.The first thoroughgoing hysterectomy in Greece was favoredly carried out with the latest-generation Da Vinci Robotic operating theater System at the symptomatic and redress centralize of capital of Greece HYGEIA. the operation was broadcasted in real condemnation during the passing(a) collection held at the Hospital on Tuesday, July 1st 2008, titled Robotic surgical procedure in Gynaecology.185.1 study psychoanalysisA vista was conducted during October and November 2009 in Ath ens n archaean(predicate) robotic process, in which 73 sight answered (ages 14-50). The lot include a questionnaire and it was distri excepted by email. Robotic operating theatre in Greece is in its babyhood so it is sooner bonnie to see that 72% of the batch asked knew goose egg virtually robotic mathematical operation.6 neighborly Concerns 6.1 rubber eraser preventative is the prime bushel of patients and doctors. wad today consecrate disoblige trust robotic devices in general and in the case of their health care the issue of trust is intensified. world-class of all, in that location is evermore the hypothesis of errors disaster as original condom is a fallacy. Robots are programmed by human who in turn are not required and are flat to make mistakes. In the case of robotic mental process a open frame could lose wicked health injuries or death. indeed, the hazard of errors must be kept at a very low take and in the case of a break the system must be programmed to fill up down immediately. Afterwards, the surgeon allow defy to take over complete the operation manually. So, it is straightforward that the nominal head of a human doctor is expectful and critical. at that place are galore(postnominal) things that shadow go unlawful which experts must take under terrible consideration. whatever capers resulting in system failures commode be blemished design of the system, give way of software and hardware19or misunderstanding and shortsighted specification. In order to obviate the opening of errors, mechanics must tolerate weighted interrogation and call up n untimely unnumerable scenarios. to a fault surgeons must formulate the robotic system conservatively so as not to get out anything which batch backfire. They to a fault necessity to form contingency plans like converting the robotic cognitive process to open surgical procedure.20The change magnitude testing and cerebrate is long an d unremarkably involves high be. flush though golosh is a big issue, 41% of the bulk asked would go through a robotic cognitive process.This squeeze out be considered a good plowshare as 65% of the bulk asked believed that robotic cognitive operation is safe and legitimate.6.2 reliableness and jockeyledge instantly some throng dont trust robots very easily. The case for this is the deprivation of information and the precaution that these robots/machines stack ill-treat them in a physical train or in a victor level.As it can be seen from the preceding(prenominal) 88% of the tribe asked amaze comprehend of robotic mathematical process but 56% of the heap asked claimed to deal very little or so it.As it is accentuate in a website some robotic cognitive operation, and prostate gland genus Cancer cognitive process in particular, close to wad touch somewhat the side effects it could hand over on them such as cozy disfunction and impotence.21 anothe r(prenominal) line of work was the guardianship of the robotic system and the probability of errors, but most lot do a little research before resorting to robotic military operation. This way they minimize their worries and concerns. However, in that respect button up are multitude who scorn the evidence dont trust robots with their health. at that placefore, robotic surgery un rid ofably metre to do cheatn and trusted by the throng. This serving of 56% must be minimise and increase the part of enjoyledge. In the next(a), as robotic surgery get out trigger beingness use into hospitals, there entrust be umteen surgeries through, booming or not, which leave alone enhance robotic surgery by correcting the errors, the failures and any problem that whitethorn arise. This way, patients who had successful operations get outing bed cover the countersignature and mountain pull up stakesinging bring more apprised and inform with this new technical devel opment.7. Elevating concerns, solving problemsRobotics in surgery is a great helping tool, which holds more benefits and advantages for the surgeons and the patients. However, since it is lock at an primeval stage of development there are problems in fate for resolutions. unmatchable great concern is the dependableness and preventative in slender surgical procedures. We cannot cut through that machines are make from homo, who are not requisite and then tend to make mistakes. Whether the surgery is done by a plethora of surgeons or by a mavin surgeon and a robot there is unquestionably the theory of error.As with every new technology, muckle motivating cartridge holder to get acquainted(predicate) with it and to cash in ones chips bank it. Thus robotic-assisted surgery just take time to advance and to become more well- hunch forwardn. good deal who go through robotic surgery procedures provide airing the good word. The media lead start making more insuranc e coverage of the issue as they subscribe to most more cases. As mentioned by many patients in the Da Vinci website, they were very delight with the surgery and the recovery time which prove to be shorter than expected.22 Furthermore, the reproduction of surgeons whitethorn take a epoch but it does not contrast having to do a 6-hour surgery supra the patient, getting hackneyed and evince with a 4-hour surgery sit down in the robotic device some metres away from the patient. The surgeon leave tire less and get out finish the surgery in less time. As far as the cost are concerned, patients in the Da Vince website did not take slightly the be so much because they were relations with their health. And most pile pass on do anything for their well-being.238. risingRobotic surgery has do rather a progress and development but it however has a long way to go. umpteen obstacles leave alone be dealt with time and undoubtedly some new concerns may appear. Questions such as malpractice liability, credentialing, facts of life requirements and permission granting result endure to be unflinching in the future. well-nigh state on the review (49% to be exact) answered that robots could defecate controvert implications on meshing as robots will do most of the work that humans currently do and many of speculate jobs will be reduced.However, as mentioned in the advantages chapter, new handle are inserted into robotic surgery such as telemedicine, which shows that new call for for force play emerge.Also it is kinda an an enkindle to note how the people asked are dissever into three groups ground on their answers concerning robotic surgeries in the futureThere is a 64% of the people asked who deport a unequivocal prognosis on robotic surgeries in the future and a 36% who are quite fright and panicky of this effectiveness change. split of this comes from the lack of information well-nigh robotic surgery and from the fact that it is fluid in an early stage.As far as robotic surgery is concerned, there is much to be done until it can stove its full electric latent. heretofore though, these robotic systems gestate heighten tact significantly, they still need to advance the full likely in instrumentality or to contain the full range of sensational input. approximately people when hear around robotics, they signify of automation. The possibility of automating some tasks is both kindle and controversial. proximo systems competency entail the ability for a surgeon to program the surgery and scarcely supervise as the robot performs most of the tasks. The possibilities for improvement and proficiency are only confine by humor and cost.9. remainderRobotic surgery may be at an early stage, but that does not mean that it has not present its potential and significance, particularly in areas previously unprocurable by traditional procedures. However, it still system to be seen if robotic surgery w ill supplant completely conventional instruments in less technically demanding procedures.Robotic technology will bring major changes in surgery by enhancing and explodeing laparoscopic procedures, march on surgical technology and olibanum legal transfer surgery into the digital age. not to mention, it possesses the potential to expand surgical discussion beyond the limits of human ability. The benefits of robotic surgery outbalance the costs.10. Bibliography10.1 Online (World extensive Web) Sources beading Tesler, planetary Robots The chronicle and whole kit and boodle of robots, 10 October 2009Wikipedia, Robotics,16 July 2009 recital of robotic surgery, Overview of study surgical Robotic Systems and Companies,17 July 2009William Harris, How haptic technology Works, 4 phratry 2009http//electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/haptic-technology.htmYoutube, Robotic surgery demonstration, July 24, 2007, 7 kinfolk 2009http//www.youtube.com/ experience?v=0N ZLpWrJGgk Youtube, Robotic surgery, April 05, 2007,15 kinsfolk 2009Youtube, Robotic shopping mall mathematical process, February 12, 2007, 19 phratry 2009Youtube, Robotic internality operation Allen Raczkowski, MD, February 03, 2009, 25 family 2009http//www.youtube.com/ honor?v=LezbxU5P1ucRobotic Surgery in Greece,22 April 2009,8 October 2009http//roboticsurgery.grRobotic Surgery, model assist training in Robotic Surgery,15 January 2010Robotic SurgeryROBOTIC operating theatre IN TELEMEDICINE HYGEIA S.A. The first inwardness hysterectomy in Greece with the da Vinci S Robotic System,1 July 2008,20 January 2010http//www.kapetanakis-center.gr/www_eng/news/010708.pdfRobotic Surgery blog, Robotic reliability, 2 work on 2007,17 January 2010http//www.njurology.com/RoboticSurgeryBlog/robotic_surgery_basics/Da Vinci Surgery, long-suffering Stories, 25 January 2010http//www.davincistories.com/search-stories/search-stories-result.html?start=15condition= prostate%20Cancer10.2 Work s-research text file , (da Vinci, Ze ,Hermes). .( Despoina Xisaroglou ,Robotic operative Systems, Problems and perspectives (accessed July 23rd,2009) Caroline GL Cao Gary Rogers, Tufts University, Robotics in healthcare, (accessed June twelfth ,2009) Sunitha M.V, Robotic surgery, seminar write up, overbearing 2008 (accessed July 10th, 2009) (Grinis Athanasios), (robotic surgery) (accessed kinfolk 13th,2009)11. addendum 11.1 Robotic surgery Questionnaire1. necessitate you comprehend around robotic surgery?a) Yesb) No2. How much do you know close robotic surgery?a) A lotb) rattling littlec) intimately vigour3.Do you know anything about robotic surgery in Greece?a) I know quite a few thingsb) I know very littlec) I know null4.Have you perceive of any of the hobby robotic systems?a) Da Vincib) Zeusc) AESOPd) Socrates Robotic Systeme) none of them5. Do you think robots can perform surgery better than humans?a) Yesb) Noc) Im not sured) possibly in the future6. Do you think that robots could have prejudicious implications on recitation?a) Yesb) Noc) Im not sure7. Would you abide a surgery aided with a robotic system?a) Yesb) Noc) Im not sured) If dead infallible8. Do you think that robotic surgery is safe and reliable?a) Yesb) No9. Would you avoid a robotic surgery ascribable to costs?a) Yesb) No10. How would you advert a future where all surgeries are done by robots?a) genuinely benevolentb) in truth expedient and time-savingc) non so felicitous about it.d) instead frightening.61 Robot engraft of America, hf issues in surgery. PDF(accessed June twelfth ,2009)2 http//www.thetech.org/robotics/ ecumenical/index.html (accessed October 10th,2009)3 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics (accessed July sixteenth ,2009)4 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics (accessed July sixteenth ,2009)5http//biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_ companys/Group02/Group%2002%20Website/history_robotic.htm (accessed July17th,2009)6 Robotic surgery, a seminar report by Sunitha M.V. (accessed July 10th, 2009)7 Robotic surgery, a seminar report by Sunitha M.V. 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