Programs Associated With Behavior Modification Psychology Essay

chopines Associated With bearing Modification Psychology EssayThis papers intent is non to address all of the schedules associated with sort qualifying, But simply to establish the some of the types of look modification weapons platforms uncommitted to probation and parole authorities. This depict covers the basics of fashion modification, the theory behind it, as well as cognitive behavior modification. It touches on the using up of evidence- ground practices, motivational interviewing, as well as some of the types of programs available. Such as Boot Camps, Community Correction Centers, Day Reporting Centers, substance insult programs, and lastly it talks intimately the very successful HOPE program in the state of Hawaii.Understanding behavior modification begins with the disposition of what is called Learning Theory. Learning Theory generally focuses on Ivan Pavlovs classical ensutackleg and B.F. Skinners ope skunkive specifying. Both theories pass a ample on the common land belief that either d genius a stimulus or a strategic reinforcement, well-educated behavior could be altered.Under the belief of classical or reflex instructing, the desired teaching outcome is chance ond through the creation of a instruct answer. Pavlov was able to create a conditi id response in dogs by associating the ringing of a bell with salivation. Every judgment of conviction the dogs were fed, a bell was rung. concisely the dogs were designateed to expect food when the bell rang regardless of every food being present. You run through to date that Pavlov was actually studying the digestion of dogs, when he pick up that his dogs salivated when anyone walked in with a lab coat on. What he discovered was that whenever they fed the dogs, the mortal was wearing a lab. Pavlov followed up with the idea of ringing a bell whenever they were exhalation to feed the dogs, the dogs soon learned to associate the bell ringing to them getting food. Hence, refle x conditioning.Although loosely related, operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning, in that a stimulus is non given for a conditioned response. kinda, operant conditioning applies a reward or a punishment after certain behaviors be observed. B.F. Skinner believed that behaviors in an idiosyncratic were the result of contact with rewards and punishments within an environment. Operand conditioning happens when an animal learns to perform occurrence behaviors in fix up to die hard a funda intellectually rewarding stimulus. B.F. Skinners buy the farm was in the field of psychology. He conditioned a pigeon to raise his head above a certain point in order to receive food. To put it other way, it is when a trained dog repeatedly comes when called in order to obtain a treat or reward. The down side to this type of learning is that after a spell the dog expects a treat every time he comes when called. When he no longer receives the treat, with any type of freque ncy, the response becomes less and less frequent this is called operant extinction. In general, when we call for in behavior that no longer pays off, we discover ourselves less inclined to be cod in that way again. Putting it other way, let us say we wear a wristwatch all the time, we do not notice that we look at it often. Now if you forgot that wristwatch we still look at our wrist, to see the time, after a while of not wearing the watch we look less and less at our wrist for the time. That is operant extinction.The majority of behavior modification in parole and probation is based on the principles of operant conditioning. therefor I pull up stakes discuss operant condition to a greater extent in depth. Through operant conditioning, an association is make between a behavior and a final result for that behavior. In other words, behavior modification uses dictatorial reinforcement in order to encourage the learning of a desired behavior. Operant conditioning, works whether i t is through reinforcement or through punishment. Anything that increases a behavior is considered reinforcement and anything that decreases behavior is considered punishment. The promise or guess of a reward causes an increase in behavior, further operant conditioning skunk besides be used to decrease a behavior as well. The elimination of an unwanted behavior thru the use of a punishment is often what is used in raising children, along with the reward sy prow or the haughty reinforcement. Unfortunately, near often than not the focus of attention is on the child thru negative reinforcement, and not the corroborative reinforcement. It is the idea or the potential for punishment, which may lead the child to a decrease any debauched behaviors. Through operant conditioning the environment builds the basic repertoire with which we keep our balance, walk, play games, handle instruments and tools, talk, write, plane a boat, drive a car, or fly a plane. A change in the environment -a newly car, a new friend, a new field of interest, a new job, a new location-may find us unprep ard, but our behavior usually adjusts quickly as we acquire new responses and discard old. (Skinner, 1953)There ar four types of operant conditioning Positive bread and butter, Negative Reinforcement, Punishment, and Extinction. Both Positive and Negative Reinforcement strengthen behavior while both Punishment and Extinction weaken behavior. (Maricopa Center for Learning and Instruction, 1999)In Positive Reinforcement, a billeticular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of experiencing a positive condition. For example, a hungry rat presses a bar in its cage and receives food. The food is a positive condition for the hungry rat. The rat presses the bar again, and again receives food. The rats behavior of pressure the bar is strengthened by the consequence of receiving food.In Negative Reinforcement, a particular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of stopping or avoi ding a negative condition. For example, another a rat is placed in a cage and straightway receives a mild electrical shock on its feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses a bar and the shock stops. The rat receives another shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops. The rats behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of stopping the shock.In Punishment, a particular behavior is wounded by the consequence of experiencing a negative condition. For example, yet another rat presses a bar in its cage and receives a mild electrical shock on its feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses the bar again and again receives a shock. The rats behavior of pressing the bar is weakened by the consequence of receiving a shock.In Extinction, a particular behavior is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition. For example, a rat presses a bar in its cage and nothing happens. Neither a positive nor a negative condition exists for the rat. The rat presses the bar again and again nothing happens. The rats behavior of pressing the bar is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing anything positive or stopping anything negative.The mission statements of close to department of department of corrections agencies emphasize devil main tasks holding wrongdoers written reportable to conditions (compliance), and encouraging positive behavior change ( replenishment). (Walters, Clark, Gingerich, Meltzer, 2007) Methods embroil increasing a psyches opportunities and capacity for positive actions (e.g., skills training, education, employment) or back up the person succeed at some new behavior (e.g., drug word). Many shifts in correctional philosophy allow occurred over the socio-economic classs. During some stopovers, corrections professionals have emphasized deterrence strategies during others, they have relied more on treatment a nd constructional strategies. No menstruum has emphasized one strategy alone the difference has been in the degree to which they relied on one or the other. (Walters, Clark, Gingerich, Meltzer, 2007) Among the simulacrum of wrongdoer programs designed to reintegrate wrongdoers into society, those that argon most common, seek to address the wrongdoers way of thinking, their reasoning and their associated behaviors through what is termed cognitive behavioural techniques. Cognitive behaviorism is an burn down that applies learning theory to mental events like thoughts and popular opinions. Cognitive behavior programs teach race new ways of thinking, and in so doing, help them to overcome various problems that stem from dysfunctional or bad thinking. Cognitive behavior techniques argon widely viewed as primed(p) uping great advantages over more traditional forms of handling. Because this term is so broad it is arduous to define precisely, but it involves helping offender s to face up to the consequences of their actions, to understand their motives, and to develop new ways of controlling their behavior. (Vennard, Sugg, Hedderman, 1997)Cognitive behaviorism is not a separate psychological theory nor is it a method, it is a term given to a range of mediations or interventions derived from the following three psychological theories, Behaviorism, Cognitive theory, and Social learning theory. Behaviorism, which stresses the role of external or environmental factors that shape an individuals actions so that, for offenders, for example, encouragement from peers and/or the lack of immediate punishment from authority figures rein forces criminal behavior Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a persons thought processes. It likewise looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world. Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing and exemplar the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional re actions of others. Thus, it focuses on learning by observation and modeling.Cognitive behavioral modification assumes that offenders argon make by their environment and they have failed to acquire certain cognitive skills or have learned malapropos ways of behaving. The therapy assumes that most people can become conscious of their own thoughts and behaviors and then make positive changes to them. A persons thoughts are often the result of experience, and behavior is often influenced and prompted by these thoughts. (Clark, 2010) The Cognitive behavioral approach does not attribute the causes of criminal behavior solely to individual or psychological factors. It also recognises into account the social conditions, which affect individual development, and is not in conflict with sociological explanations of criminal activity, such as those, which view such behavior as acquired from influential delinquent peer ag free radicals. (Vennard, Sugg, Hedderman, 1997) Since it is considere d that such these behaviors are learned rather than inherited, offender programs that are cognitive based are intended to teach offenders to face up to what they have done, to understand their motives and to develop new coping strategies and ways of controlling their behavior. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been instal in effect(p) with juvenile and adult offenders substance abusing and violent offenders and probationers, prisoners and parolees. In most cognitive behavioral therapy programs, offenders remediate skills, means-ends problem solving, critical reasoning, moral reasoning, cognitive personal manner, self-control, impulse circumspection and self-efficacy. (Clark, 2010)Evidence-based practice (EBP) highlights the important role that agents have in offender outcome. For a treatment or program to be called evidence based, its effectiveness moldiness be substantiated by a measurable outcome (e.g., decreased recidivism, increased public safety). In the past, rehabilitati on was primarily the domain of mental health professionals, but EBP emphasizes that frontline staff, such as probation and parole officers, also have the opportunity to influence the change process. (Walters, Clark, Gingerich, Meltzer, 2007) Chronic behaviors are not resolvingd with some fixed essence or duration of treatment. As with substance laugh at and mental health treatment, for example, an interim goal is to engage and retain the offender in treatment at an appropriate level of grapple and observe until the offender can successfully manage his or her own care and behavior. For many chronic offenders continuing care spans the period of at least six to nine months of intensive treatment followed by a period of often longer aftercare. (Warren, 2007)The six principles of an effective EBP are1. The Risk Principle- The risk of infection principle of effective intervention refers to the risk or probability that an offender will reoffend. It also identifies the risk level of those offenders who are the most appropriate targets of recidivism. Risk in this context does not refer to the seriousness of the crime or the likeliness that an offender will incur technical violations, but to the likelihood that the offender will commit another crime.2. The Need Principle- Offenders typically have many requisites, only some of which are associated with the risk of criminal behavior. The need principle of EBP identifies the most appropriate needs of offenders to target. Effective programs must target their criminogenic needs, i.e., those values, attitudes, or behaviors of the offender that are most closely associated with the likelihood of committing crime. The criminogenic needs most predictive of the likelihood of criminal behavior areLow self-control, i.e., impulsive behaviorAnti-social personality, i.e., callousness, lack of empathyAnti-social values, i.e., disassociation from the law-abiding corporationCriminal peersSubstance abuseDysfunctional family3. Use of Risk/Needs Assessment Instruments-Determination of the degree of risk of reoffending that an offender presents, and of the offenders criminogenic needs, requires a mensural assessment of relevant information about each offender. Often, determinations of risk are based solely on the nature of the rudeness committed and prior criminal history. Although both of these factors are legitimate risk factors, peculiarly prior criminal history, they are not a sufficient basis for an accurate assessment. Offender characteristics are usually more predictive of whether an individual is potential to commit a future crime than offense characteristics.4. The Treatment and Responsivity Principles- The treatment principle of EBP combines the re attempt findings that cognitive-behavioral programs rooted in social-learning theory are the most effective in reducing recidivism. A clear set of consequences, both positive and negative, is helpful to people in developing their sense of self-control, of responsibility for their own behaviors. Related research on human behavior indicates that people respond better, and maintain learned behaviors longer, when approached with carrots rather than sticks, rewards rather than punishments.5. Motivation and Trust- Motivation to change on the part of the offender is an important starting place for behavioral change. Behavior change will only take place if the offender chooses to do so. Effective treatment professionals and probation officers are therefore often trained in motivational interviewing- (MI), a set of interpersonally sensitive communications techniques that effectively enhance intrinsic motivation for behavioral change by helping clients explore and resolve their ambivalence in a positive way.6. desegregation of Treatment and Community-Based Sanctions- Effectively utilize rehabilitation and treatment programs to annul offender recidivism and promote public safety. investigate clearly demonstrates that in the absence of tre atment, neither punishment, nor incarceration, nor any other criminal sanction reduces recidivism, beyond the period of confinement, restraint, or surveillance. In fact, punishment and sanctions increase the likelihood of recidivism slightly, even when controlling for respective offender risk levels. Community-corrections programs based on EBP are not an alternative to appropriate punishment they can often be combined with appropriate punishment. (Warren, 2007)Motivational interviewing grew out of the substance abuse and addiction treatment fields in the 1980s. At that time, research began to show that the widely accepted confrontational approaches to dealing with addicts simply were not successful. (Walters, Clark, Gingerich, Meltzer, 2007) Instead of confrontation, MI is a collaboration or partnership that is formed between the therapist and the person with the addiction, based on the addicts point of view and their experiences. This view of MI differences with earlier views on i nterventions. Previously, the idea was to confront the person with the addiction, and impose societys point of view about the persons addictive behavior. Today, this collaboration or partnership has the effect of mental synthesis a rapport between the counselor and the person with the addiction, and allows the person with the addiction to develop trust towards the counselor, which was difficult in a confrontational atmosphere of the past. This does not mean that the counselor automatically agrees with the person with the addiction. Although the person with the addiction and their counselor may see things differently, the therapeutic process is focused on mutual understanding, not the counselor being right and the person with the addiction being wrong. A person is more belike to follow through with behavior he believes he has freely chosen and believes he can accomplish.MI is a person-centered method of fostering change by helping a person explore and resolve ambivalence. Rather th an using external pressure, MI looks for ways to access internal motivation for change. It borrows from client-centered counseling in its emphasis on empathy, optimism, and respect for client choice. MI also draws from self-perception theory, which says that a person becomes more or less committed to an action based on the verbal stance he or she takes. Thus, an offender who talks about the benefits of change is more potential to make that change, whereas an offender who argues and defends the status quo is more believably to continue his present behavior. (Walters, Clark, Gingerich, Meltzer, 2007)Although MI suggests some tangible strategies, it is better thought of as a style of interaction that follows these basic principlesExpress empathy. Empathy is about good rapport and a positive working environment. It is an tone-beginning to understand the offenders mindset, even though the agent may not agree with the offenders point of view. Empathy also involves an attempt to draw ou t concerns and reasons for change from the offender, preferably of relying on the agents (or courts/boards) agenda as the sole persuasion strategy. swear with resistance. Rolling with resistance means finding other ways to respond when the offender challenges the need for change. It is pattern to have mixed feelings when thinking about change. Therefore, the agent does not argue with the offender.Develop discrepancy. Discrepancy is the feeling that ones current behavior is out of line with ones goals or values. Rather than telling the offender why he should change, the agent asks questions and makes statements to help the offender identify his own reasons for change.Support self-efficacy. A person is more likely to follow through with behavior that they believe they have freely chosen and believes they can accomplish. Therefore, the agent mud optimistic, reminds the offender of personal strengths and past successes, and affirms all efforts toward change. (Walters, Clark, Gingeric h, Meltzer, 2007)The success of motivational interviewing is based on the belief that an offender that who talks about the benefits of change is more likely to make that change, whereas an offender who argues and defends the status quo is more likely to continue his present behavior.Shock Incarceration programs, popularly known as bloom camps, are one of the most publicized intermediate sanction programs. Since the 1980s society has looked for ways to reduce the cost of house offenders. The office of Juvenile judge and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) thought they had the answer for teen offenders with juvenile boot camps. By 1996, 48 camps were in operation in several states. Congress had authorized $24.5 million for the states to blossom out boot camps. By 1995, 52 juvenile boot camps were in operation housing an estimated 4,500 juveniles. (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention)These boot camps have five main purposesDeterrenceIncapacitationRehabilitationPunishm entCost control.Programs take off in size, duration, location, control of entry, the level of post-program supervision and in the level of training, education, or treatment programming provided. any are relatively brief (most are three to four months) and are designed for offenders who have not yet served time in a state prison. The programs draw on the model of a soldiery style of boot camp. They stress strict discipline, obedience, regimentation, drill and ceremony, and physical conditioning, sometimes including manual labor. Shock programs participants are expected to learn self-discipline, teamwork and develop improved self-respect. Program participants are housed separately from the general prison population, although in some programs they are within sight and earshot of general population inmates. Often times these programs also incorporate drug and inebriant counseling, GED requirements, and anger management programs, social skill building, etc.Community corrections cente r are non-prison sanctions that are imposed on convicted adults or adjudicated juveniles by a court instead of a prison sentence or by a parole board following play out from prison. Community corrections programs are usually operated by probation and parole agencies and the programs can include general community supervision as well as day reporting centers, halfway houses and other residential facilities, work release, and other community programs. The centers ease the transition for parolees and inmates who are nearing release. The centers provide a structured environment and a variety of supportive table services, including counseling, employment assistance and drug and intoxicant treatment. Community-based residential settings offering structure, supervision, surveillance, drug/alcohol treatment, educational and vocational programs, employment counseling, socialization and life skills programs, and community work transition, and/or forms of treatment and programs. trapping st ability has long been related to success for persons who are on probation and parole. Experts have debated whether homelessness contributes to arrests and vice versa, but most agree that procuring offenders housing decreases recidivism and increases offender compliance. Housing stability has been related to preventing relapse for persons with a substance abuse history. Reentry projects that have helped create housing options for offenders are finding that obtaining housing is related to employment, sobriety and other individual assets. The ability of individuals to obtain housing, sobriety and employment builds personal resiliency and community assets. (Shilton Vail, 2005)Common reentry services includeHousingEducationEmployment assistancePeer mentoring or case managementPhysical and mental health servicesFamily reunificationOver the last two decades, states have turned to community corrections programs to manage more offenders in the community in an effort to reduce prison and jai l populations, reduce recidivism, and reduce costs within the criminal justice system. One type of community corrections program known as a day reporting center (DRC) has gained popularity as an alternative to incarceration as evidenced by the rapid increase in the number of programs operating nationwide. DRCs bring groups of parolees together from throughout a municipality or larger geographic area for supervision, services, and programming, and requires them to spend significant amounts of time together on a daily basis. (Boyle, Ragusa, Lanterman, Marcus, 2011) DRCs are non-residential facilities that offer offenders rehabilitative programming and daily supervision. Offenders assigned to DRCs generally report to the facility during daytime hours and return home at night when programming is complete. Typical DRCs can save agencies on average of about $1,000 per offender, compared to the cost of incarceration. (Jones Lacey, 1999)To aid in reentry and reintegration, treatment prog ramming available to offenders can include educational and/or vocational training, job placement services, drug abuse education and treatment, and life-skills training, among others.DRC programs offer an array of services designed to increase the success of the parolees reintegration into the community and parole adjustment. The services include, but are not limited toTransitional/sober living environments (housing shall not exceed 6 months and is provided to ten- percentage of the parolees served)Individual and group counselingRandom breathalyzer and urinalysis testingSubstance abuse educationAnger managementDomestic violence prevention and awarenessEducational/GED preparationJob readiness and job search assistanceCognitive and life skills developmentBudgeting and money managementAftercareCommonly as a condition of probation or parole, offenders are required to participate in community-based substance abuse treatment programs. The most common substances of abuse reported by probati on or parole admissions were alcohol, marijuana, and methamphetamines more than one half reported more than one substance of abuse at admission. (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration , 2011) harmonize to recent reports, 60 to 80 percent of prison and jail inmates, parolees, probationers, and arrestees were under the influence of drugs or alcohol during the commission of their offense, committed the offense to support a drug addiction, were charged with a drug- or alcohol-related crime, or are fixedness substance users. (Marlowe, 2003)Residential or In-Patient Programs usually require a commitment of at least 30 days and typically include room and board. Through intensive counseling and group interactions, addicts/alcoholics learn how to regain control of their lives using key recovery tools. Often, clients who have attempted outpatient treatment programs but have ultimately relapsed back into drug and alcohol use, or have found outpatient programs difficult to complete, achieve success in a residential program. Clients who require detoxification services due to concerns about withdrawal also benefit from residential programs, as detox services are often included as a part of a residential treatment program.The most effective programs regularly monitor clients substance use through random breathalyzer tests and urinalyses. Drug-free test results are met with rewards, such as reduced monitoring requirements, reduced criminal sanctions, or goods and services that support a productive lifestyle. Drug-positive results, on the other hand, are met with such sanctions as loss of privileges, increased counseling requirements, or a brief return to detention. nigh drug and alcohol programs follow the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous.Drug Courts are a court supervised, treatment oriented program that targets non-violent participants whose major problems stem from substance abuse. The Drug Court Program is a willing program, which includes regular c ourt appearances before the Drug Court estimate. Treatment includes drug testing, individual and group counseling, and regular attendance at 12-Step meetings. The probation officer and the treatment team may also assist with obtaining education and skills assessments and will provide referrals for vocational training, education, and/or job placement services. The program length, is usually acquired by the participants progress, just should be no less than one year. Successful completion and graduation from the Drug Court Program may result in having probation terminated early.Hawaiis Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE), launched in 2004, by First Circuit Judge Steven Alm, is an experimental probation program that emphasizes the delivery of swift and certain punishment when a probationer violates conditions of probation. The HOPE program has seen remarkable success, and has gained the attention of several states, as a possible cost saving alternative in their states. The HOPE program has a strong theoretical basis. That swiftness and certainty outperform severity in the management of offending is a concept that dates back to 1764 to Cesar Beccarias, On Crimes and Punishment.The formula H.O.P.E. follows for controlling hard-drug use in the criminally active population is simple (Hawkin, H.O.P.E. for Reform, 2007)Weekly randomized testing (or twice weekly schedule testing), to eliminate any safe window for undetected drug use.Fixed sanctions on a set schedule As little as two days in jail is adequate, so long as enforcement is reliable, with sentence length increasing gradually for successive violations.A formal warning to the probationer in open court, putting him on notice that violations have consequences.As curt a time as possible between violations and sanctions. (For offenders with paycheck jobs, the first sanction could be deferred to the following weekend.)Quick service of bench authorizations on those who abscond.Treatment services for tho se who prove unable to comply on their own.Under HOPE, probationers are given a color code at the warning hearing. Every morning, they must call a hot line to hear which color has been selected for that day. If it is their color, they must appear at the probation office before 2 p.m. for a drug test. If a HOPE probationer fails to appear for the drug test, a bench warrant is issued and served immediately. A probationer who fails the random drug test is immediately arrested and within 72 hours is brought before a judge. If the probationer is found to have violated the ground of probation, he or she is immediately sentenced to a short jail stay. Typically, the term is several days, servable on the weekend if the probationer is employed sentences increase for successive violations. Violating terms of probation sends a consistent message to probationers about personal responsibility and accountability. (Hawkin Kleiman, 2009)HOPE has proven itself to be effective. speckle the program isnt perfect, its offenders have had a better track record than those in regular probation. NIJ-funded researchers evaluated HOPE to determine if it worked and results were positive. (Hawkin Kleiman, Managing Drug Involved Probationers with Swift and Certain Sanctions Evaluating Hawaiis HOPE, 2009) Compared to probationers in a control group, after one year the HOPE probationers wereFifty-five percent less likely to be arrested for a new crime.Seventy-two percent less likely to use drugs.Sixty-one percent less likely to skip appointments with their supervisory officer. cardinal percent less likely to have their probation revoked.In Conclusion, this report only touches on the basics of Behavior modifications in use in probation and parole today. There is much more to the concept of behavior modification than meets the eye. While the success of behavior modification is not a new concept. In