Does language play roles of equal importance in different areas of knowledge Essay

When a mother yells at her child using her childs all-embracing name, the little fellow recognizes that he or she should non fix emptied his or her mothers perfume just so the child could descry the cat sneeze. When the ballerina finally reunites with her first completer after liter years, unitary layabout also feel the happiness as if the touching physically emanates from the theatre and enters the embrace of the individual. Indeed, linguistic process plays m any an(prenominal) divers(prenominal) roles in the various atomic number 18as of experience. Language is a bases for version and expressing the humankind skirt an individual.Language deal be defined into essential and secondary levels. The autochthonic level of spoken vocabulary is verbal language and the secondary level of language is visual language which includes body language and facial expressions as intimately as gestures much(prenominal) as raising a flag. companionship peck be defined as diff erent types of justified beliefs which humans hold. in that location are terce essential elements of e really k nowledge claim. What we hold to be knowledge must contain truth inasmuch as it must non only be a belief but one that is justified. Knowledge must contain truths.A proposition that a subject does not believe washbowlnot be a proposition that the subject knows leads to the idea that knowledge requires belief. Finally, knowledge requires justification which contains the reasons and explanations of how something is sure. This gives one a working description of knowledge as justified true beliefs. Beliefs arise due to many ca ingestions. However, when beliefs are caused they whitethorn not immediately qualify as knowledge. It is grave for beliefs to be derived from sources which are reliable.There are five sources of knowledge scholarship or senses, introspection, memory, reason and testimony. Knowledge can be subdivided into six discrete areas mathematics, Natural Sciences, story, Human Sciences, Ethics and artistic creation. These six areas are not goop and can overlap with one another. For example, a scientist analyzing global warming may discover ethical considerations and may have to reckon historical data e. g. meteoro discursive data in further analyzing the subject. One can fit that the study of Natural Sciences may involve other areas of knowledge.Hence, the six areas are dynamic and overlapping. These six areas are also culturally dependent for example, in some cultures there is no corresponding word for art. We now intend to look to a greater extent(prenominal) specifically at the areas artifice, Mathematics and History. These tercet specific plains of Knowledge were chosen in order to give a wider perspective of the differing roles of language in the various areas of knowledge. The paper will get a line how the roles of language vary in importance in communicating knowledge of the world.By considering the field of Art, o ne must note that Art can be a function of language used to express the egotism through the use of body languages, signs, actions and objects created with the intention of transmitting emotions and/or ideas. Art goes beyond the expressions talking to possess by giving one two abstract and concrete visual manifestations such as dances, symbols and art photos. Art can reveal more(prenominal) than what spoken communication can express the precept a picture paints a thousand words may rattling well prove this point. A smiling face can imply more than just being happyit can also mean excitement and gratefulness.It appears, then, that there is no strict limit on the design of interpretations for any given picture. Different social backgrounds and cultures may interpret a piece of art uniquely and with different connotations. For instance, the color red center luck and prosperity in Chinese culture while on the other hand red amounts to danger from the perspective of the Americ a culture. Further, the core of a painting or a piece of text depends upon the subjects interpretation. Since interpreting a piece of text is more strict and straightforward, consensus should be more easily reached.The centre of the words of a text seems to be more objective and fixed and therefore it is more possible to agree on one interpretation of the text. On the other hand, a painting, sculpture, or any object that is labeled as art can be taken in many courses. The artworks import appears to be more ambiguous than the message of a text. For instance, De Koonings paintings of womenreminiscent of abstract paintingare done with bold, slashing and swirling brush strokes which may imply antic imagery, violence and carelessness on one side and may signify glorification or even obsession on the other.The second Area of Knowledge to be considered is Mathematics. Mathematics uses symbols to express truths about the natural world. The use of Mathematical symbols is a manifestat ion of language which is a powerful way of expressing natural truths. Are these truths more valid or justified than verbal truths? Mathematical symbols do have a very strict meaning and are more exacting than ones use of words. The plate of 1+1=2 seems to be logically true and expresses an outside(a) and natural truth about the world. With this, Mathematics can explain how the world actually works.However, Mathematics is only one limiting way of accord and expressing truths about the world as it allows one to express knowledge of situation and time while being futile in expressing human manner and emotions. Some Mathematicians also claim that the language of Mathematics is the best and the nearly accurate way of expressing knowledge. However, can Mathematics express human emotions which are by nature very subjective? Mathematics limits an individual by merely granting one the capability to express ideas which are reducible to logical symbols.Mathematics is unable to help one e xpress abstract ideas such as the nature of beauty, virtue or goodness. Lastly, History uses words to obtain a written record of the past. Unlike Mathematics and Art, History seems to allow the individual to express human behavior, beliefs, ideas and emotions more fully and more accurately. It also attempts to arrive at a consensus on the true nature of past events. Since the meanings of words can vary over time, the study of a historical document may lead to ambiguity and mistake among historians.For instance, although it is understood that the hieroglyphics of Ancient Egypt are symbols that tell a narrative, deciphering the precise meaning of the individual hieroglyphics is not only tedious but also unreachable. Egyptologist can only ever make an educated guess about the meanings of these symbols. The akin holds true about the study of Ancient Languages such as Latin or Anglo-Saxon. Even Modern English is made up of three layers of vocabulary Anglo-Saxon (with additions from th e Old Norse), French and Latin (with additions from Greek).The roots of language become lost over time thereby obscuring the meanings of the words. In essence, a study of History, which depends on the study of ancient text, reveals how the meaning of words can fail the individual. Although words can help express humans needs, emotions and wants, the use of words has many limitations. Since a particular word such as cool has multiple meanings, how can a group of individuals be certain that they are referring to one and the same thing? Moreover, people from different cultures or social groups may understand cool in very different ways.Yet, while language through words plays a primary role in communication, even the slightest variation of the words meaning limits people from understanding even simple statements. Further, language translations may not always be accurate. The inaccuracy of translation amounts to the failure of fully comprehending the meaning of a foreign language. A slig ht misunderstanding of the words appears inevitable. For example, the Chinese parlance will always be less significant than understanding the phrase in Chinese however hard people try to repeat the meaning.Languages fail to fully express intuition because words oftentimes do not completely justify or express the feelings of individuals. The connotation of words makes their meaning and usage subjective. People from different cultural and social backgrounds may interpret words and ideas quite differently. For example, how does one define the word love? The abstract and diverse meaning of love means we may have different definitions of the word and therefore misunderstandings are not farfetched. We cannot define words with words which are coherent enough to prevent the meaning from fit ambiguous.In spite of all these, language remains a full of life and important tool for humans to communicate their thoughts and ideasas John Stuart mill once said language is the light of the mind . The different roles of language forge friendships, business associations and cultural ties. While the discussion is confined to a brief discussion of the roles of language in only three areas of knowledge, one can see that language, although ambiguous and subjective at times, is still the most powerful tool individuals have in expressing knowledge of the world meet humanity.

Humanitarian Aid Essay

Grants ar mainly use to help recipient countries to pull in hospitals, schools and low-cost houses, and support well-digging or water-supply projects, and other medium and small projects for amicable welf are. In addition, grants are used in projects in the fields of adult male resources development cooperation, technical cooperation, assistance in kind and emergency add-on aid. Interest-free Loans Interest-free loans are mainly used to help recipient countries to construct open facilities and launch projects to improve peoples livelihood.The decadeure of such loans is commonly 20 days, including five years of use, five years of grace and ten years of repayment. Currently, saki-free loans are mainly letd to developing countries with relatively good economical conditions. Concessional Loans Concessional loans are mainly used to help recipient countries to undertake originative projects generating both economic and social benefits and large and medium-sized infrastructure p rojects, or to provide complete plant, mechanical and electrical products, technical services and other materials.Concessional loans are raised by the Export-Import Bank of chinaware on the market, and since the loan interest is lower than the benchmark interest of the Peoples Bank of China, the deflection is made up by the State as financial subsidies. At present, the annual interest rate of Chinas concessional loans is between 2% and 3%, and the period of repayment is usually 15 to 20 years (including five to seven years of grace). By the end of 2009, China had provided concessional loans to 76 foreign countries, supporting 325 projects, of which 142 had been completed.Of Chinas concessional loans, 61% are used to help developing countries to construct transportation, communications and electricity infrastructure, and 8. 9% are used to support the development of energy and resources such as cover and minerals. Figure 1 Sectorial Distribution of Concessional Loans from China (by the end of 2009) 1. BEIJING, Dec. 17 (Xinhuanet) Chinas Tibet Autonomous Region received international aid costless of 144 million U. S. dollars from the early 1980 to October 2009.Since 1980, Tibet has benifited from 158 such aid projects from international communities. These projects collect poverty relief, medical services, education and new energy development, with 90 percentage implemented in rural areas. 2. Maharashtra seeks aid from abroad for infra projects rs. 4000 crore instruction Aid Education is a right. Its the key to a crack childhood, and a better future for children, their communities and their countries. When you hear someone say educational Poverty it does not sound as bad as pain from hunger and disease.

Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability

Exercise 1 Cell TransportMechanisms and Permeability performance 1 Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 75% by repartee 3 out of 4 questions correctly.1. The driving force for distribution is Your attend c. the membrane transport protein.Correct answer b. the kinetic energy of the molecules in motion.2. In diffusion, molecules moveYou correctly answered a. from high concentration to low concentration.3. Which of the by-line dialysis membranes has the large(p)st reduce size? You correctly answered d. cc MWCO4. Avogadros number is a continuous for the number ofYou correctly answered b. molecules.Experiment Results Predict move PredictQuestion 1 The molecular(a) weight of urea is 60.7. Do you think urea will diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? Your answer a. Yes, just now very slowly. PredictQuestion 2 Recall that glucose is a monosaccharide, albumen is a protein with 607 amino acids, and the intermediate molecular weight of a genius amino acid is one hundred thirty-five g/mole. Which of the following will be able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO membrane? Your answer b. oth glucose and albuminStop & ThinkQuestions The soil sodium chloride didnt diffuse left to right is thatYou correctly answered c. the membrane pore size was too small. Glucose is a six-carbon sugar. Albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids. The average molecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mole. T here is no reason to run these solutes at the 20 MWCO becauseYour answer b. glucose is a protein and therefore too large to pass. Correct answer d. glucose and albumin are both too large to pass.The rate of diffusion for ureaYour answer c. s faster than that for sodium because urea is a smaller molecule.Correct answer b. is slower than that for sodium because urea is a larger molecule.Post-lab Quiz ResultsYou have not completed the Post-lab Quiz.Review sheet ResultsDescribe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. Y our answer the solute and the MWCOWhy do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well(p) did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer I was wrong. The urea was too large to diffuse through the 20 MWCODescribe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer I was wrong here as well. Only the glucose was able to diffuse.Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea. Your answer sodium chloride, urea, glucose and albumin.

How to Read Literature Study Questions Essay

How to Read Literature Like a Professor Summer Reading Questions 1. A Faustian bargain is to a greater extent commonly known as a deal with the devil. In a Faustian bargain the protagonist is frequently offered virtuallything that he or she wants, only if with a price he or she moldiness give up his or her soul. It bets constantly in books in some(prenominal) disparate forms. Faustian bargains ar present throughout unity Flew Over the zanys Nest because of all the bets McMurphy makes. He goes into the harbor knowing just about the big Nurses power, and basically convinces the patients to follow him in her overthrow.Their price, however, is the venture of world sent to the Disturbed Ward and receiving electro shock treatment or even a lobotomy. In this path, McMurphy stack be seen as a satanic figure, who convinces confused and sc ard patients to bargain what is left of their sanity to meet over a Nurse who has ten times to a greater extent authorisation over their f ate. 2. The grammar of belles-lettres is what Foster describes as the proofreader knowing the social organisation and rules of literature. He says they atomic number 18 a set of conventions and patterns, codes and rules that each reader learns and utilizes as they are reading.They recognise the structure of a paragraph and a blame and know how to interpret what is on the page in front of them. The reader learns over time this grammar of literature, and he or she develops his or her own way to read and interpret a textbook. Readers learn the structure of an essay and frankincense can anticipate with each sentence what is coming next it is so ingrained in their heads that it comes naturally. We know that a paragraph introduces a enlightenic, gives examples, and and then relates those examples back to the initial topic. In this way, the reader has developed a grammar of literature and reading. 3.Professors use symbols and patterns in a multitude of ways in determine to interp ret a text. Professors of literature, given their extensive memory and knowledge of literature itself, are bound to recognize the patterns and symbols in nearly every text and relate it to an early(a). They read and think symbolically, meaning they recognize everything as a symbol or something of importance until they see its not occupied as a symbol. They constantly question everything in a text in order to find the deeper meaning. They see things as they actually exist, solely then besides depend at the same thing to read something more substantial.Professors are also more adapted to recognize patterns in literature, meaning they see within the detail the patterns it reveals. They are capable to look beyond the actual story with the plot and the characters and see the patterns the author has implemented. They are able to recognize which elements are actually substantial ample to support the work and the plot, and which atomic number 53s are just detail. Their ability to di stance themselves from the work is what makes them able to recognize the symbols and patterns that a regular reader may not recognize in a work. 4. There are five characteristics to a quest.First, in that respect essential be a seeker. Next, that quester must absorb a place to go. Third, he or she must deem a express footing to go thither. Fourth, there must be challenges and trials during the journey. Lastly, there must be a real reason to go to the place. Usually, the quester doesnt know it is an actual quest. The real reason for the quest is the intimately important, and usually has nothing to do with the actual, stated reason. 5. The usual reason fucking a quest is self-knowledge. Quests are often educational and provide the quester with a learning experience that aids their self-discovery.The reason for the questers youth and immaturity often has something to do with why they are on a quest, and what they end up learning. The only subject that truly matters on a quest is himself or herself. 6. Our questers McMurphy, Doctor Spivey, and the twelve patients that join them. A place to go The patients all leave the hospital for a lake to go on a fishing trip. A stated reason to go there McMurphy wants to teach the boys how to fish and spend some time outdoors. Challenges and trials The patients arche normal face trouble when they dont have a gestural release form to be allowed to go on the boat, so the senior pilot refuses to take them.McMurphy then takes the captain back to his office to make some ph nonpareil calls to sort out the problem. While this happens, the other dock boys demoralise heckling Candy, and the patients, not used to seeing others outside of the hospital, dont stick up for her and defend themselves. They are not used to having enough confidence to stand up for themselves, since they have never had to, and McMurphy is the only one and only(a) with enough confidence to yell at the dock boys. Next, the men attempt on the boat wh en trying to catch fish. None of them know how to lurch in a line, and McMurphy is too busy with Candy to help them.So, they have to learn for themselves how to catch the fish and wrestle it on their own. The real reason to go the fishing trip marks an important change in all of the patients. They come back even more bonded together than they were before, and safe of confidence and personality. They come back and are confident enough to yell back at the dock boys, and even start sharing real, substantial laughs. It teaches all of them that if you try hard enough, you will get what you want. It also make them less afraid of the real world, and made them appreciate what was on the outside. 7. In the real world, breaking bread together is an act of sharing and peace, since if youre breaking bread youre not breaking heads. 8. A meal scene is most always symbolic because they are so elusive and boring to write. If a writer puts in a detailed meal scene, it must have some symbolic value since meals are almost never of real importance in a story. The writer must have a pretty secure reason to include one in his or her story. The meal scene often has to deal with the relationships, good or bad, amidst characters, and often offer a turning grade or pivotal change in the story during said meal.The typical meal scene is so mundane that for it to be included in a story and take up a lot of writing, it decidedly has to have symbolic value. 9. According to Foster, eating in literature may represent a number of things. Firstly, it can represent communion, coming together, and get along. A meal scene is written to show how characters are acquiring along or not getting along. It also can be used to form a bond, to find something in common between one character and another. It is a moment and a form of trust. meal scenes that go wrong are also written for a purpose. comradery at the table is important to convey in a meal scene, whether it is good or bad. The meal scene is vital in characterization the communion of life. 10. A positive communion scene occurs in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest on the last shadow McMurphy is in the ward. They bring in some wine and open up the drug closet, and have a good time in the ward with no one on duty. It has symbolic meaning because it is one of the a couple of(prenominal) times the patients have an actual fun time together, they bond and realize that life is too short to not have fun.They enjoy being free of stress and restraints and for once feel like real pack again. 11. A negative communion happens in Beloved when Paul D comes to visit 124. He comes and visits Sethe and capital of Colorado, both(prenominal) of whom he hasnt seen in many years and wishes to reconnect with them. However, Paul Ds presence makes Denver self-conscious and left out. Sethe and Paul D sit down for a meal, and Denver feels alienated. No one comes to their house often, and when someone she doesnt know comes in who takes her mothers attention away from her, she is clearly angered. On top of that, Beloved decides to frighten them even more.She suddenly shakes the house to the point where everyone has to dim and cover, and frightens Paul D. She decides to make the communion negative and show symbolically her horror and hatred for unwelcome men. 12. There are a couple essentials to a vampire story. First, there is an sr. figure (typically the vampire) that is alluring, dangerous, and representing corrupt values. This older figure then focuses on young, beautiful, innocent women, who are often virginal. This vampire then strips away her youth, her innocence, and corrupts her. When he gets her, he himself grows younger and even more alive than before.His energy is renewed and his life continues, while hers is sucked away as she becomes more like him. Since he has taken her virtue, her death and or ravaging become inevitable. And most times, the motive often has to do with sex. 13. There are a lot of things other than literal vampirism that vampires and ghosts represent in literature. They can represent selfishness, exploitation, and refusal to respect autonomy. The ghost of Hamlets father is there to point out a problem, rather than just be a fright. Edward Hyde represents the dark side of every man.Vampires and ghosts dont even have to be literal to represent something. They dont have to appear in visible forms to be considered a vampire or ghost. They are put in a story to scare, haunt, and frighten people, but also to point out problems, teach a lesson, and protect a character. In Beloved, the ghost of Sethes murdered daughter embodies the spirit of Beloved as if she were alive. She haunts Sethes home and serves as a reminder of what she did. She can be seen as allegorical, as she represents the past haunting the present as a lesson and reminder of the crime Sethe committed.The relationship between Beloved and Sethe is complicated and often an unhappy one. Beloveds presence is often destructive to Sethe, Denver, and their home. She creates asymmetry in their household as well as within both women of the house. Though she is dead, she is ever-present, and helps develop the characters of Sethe, Denver, and Paul D. She represents pain and misfortune, but also advocate and hope. 14. Paul Berlin, the protagonist in Going After Cacciato, embodies an authors creative process in many ways. His story is compiled from many other stories, meaning that all the stories ever written all stem from one story.

Simple Des

William Stallings Copyright 2006 adjunct to Cryptography and Net organise Security, Fourth Edition Prentice Hall 2006 ISBN 0-13-187316-4 http// go forthiamstallings. com/Crypto/Crypto4e. hypertext markup language 8/5/05 alter stilbestrol, developed by Professor Edward Schaefer of Santa Clara University SCHA96, is an educational rather than a secure encoding algorithm. It has similar properties and structure to diethylstilboestrol with much smaller parameters. The reader might find it intentionful to work through an example by and while pursuance the discussion in this Appendix. C. 1 Overview var. C. 1 illustrates the overall structure of the simplified DES, which we will refer to as SDES. The S-DES encryption algorithm takes an 8- minute gag law of plaintext (example 10111101) and a 10-bit pick up as input signal and produces an 8-bit block of ciphertext as issue. The S-DES decryption algorithm takes an 8-bit block of ciphertext and the equal 10-bit key apply to produc e that ciphertext as input and produces the current 8-bit block of plaintext.The encryption algorithm involves louvre functions an initial successor (IP) a coordination compound function labeled fK, which involves both exchange and substitution operations and depends on a key input a simple permutation function that switches (SW) the two halves of the data the function fK again and finally a permutation function that is the inverse of the initial permutation (IP1). As was mentioned in Chapter 2, the use of multiple puts of permutation and substitution emergences in a more(prenominal) complex algorithm, which increases the difficulty of cryptanalysis.The function fK takes as input not only when the data passing through the encryption algorithm, but also an 8-bit key. The algorithm could have been designed to work with a 16-bit key, consisting of two 8-bit subkeys, one used for from each one occurrence of fK. Alternatively, a single 8-bit key could have been used, with the s ame key used twice in the algorithm. A compromise is to use a 10-bit key from which two 8-bit subkeys ar generated, as fork overed in Figure C. 1. In this case, the key is prototypic subjected to a permutation (P10). because a miscue operation is performed.The make of the shift operation whence passes through a permutation function that produces an 8-bit divulgeput (P8) for the premier subkey (K1 ). The rig of the shift operation also feeds into another shift and another guinea pig of P8 to produce the bet on subkey (K 2 ). We can concisely pronounce the encryption algorithm as a composition1 of functions which can also be compose as IP-1 o fK2 o SW o fK1 o IP ((( ciphertext = IP-1 fK 2 SW fK1 (IP(plaintext )) where ( K1 = P8 Shift (P10(key )) ( ( ))) ) K2 = P8 Shift Shift( P10( key)) )) Decryption is also shown in Figure C. and is essentially the reverse of encryption ((( plaintext = IP-1 fK1 SW fK 2 (IP(ciphertext )) 1 ))) Definition f f and g atomic number 18 two functions, because the function F with the equation y = F(x) = I gf(x) is called the composition of f and g and is denoted as F = g o f . C-2 8/5/05 We straightaway examine the elements of S-DES in more detail. C. 2 S-DES diagnose Generation S-DES depends on the use of a 10-bit key shared betwixt sender and receiver. From this key, two 8-bit subkeys are produced for use in particular stages of the encryption and decryption algorithm. Figure C. 2 depicts the stages followed to produce the subkeys.First, permute the key in the following fashion. permit the 10-bit key be designated as (k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 , k6 , k7 , k8 , k9 , k10). Then the permutation P10 is defined as P10(k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 , k6 , k7 , k8 , k9 , k10) = (k3 , k5 , k2 , k7 , k4 , k10, k1 , k9 , k8 , k6 ) P10 can be concisely defined by the display 3 5 2 7 P10 4 10 1 9 8 6 This table is read from unexpended-hand(a) to right each position in the table gives the identity of the input bit that produces the y ield bit in that position. So the first out(a)put bit is bit 3 of the input the second output bit is bit 5 of the input, and so on.For example, the key (1010000010) is permuted to (1000001100). Next, perform a nib left shift (LS-1), or rotation, separately on the first five bits and the second five bits. In our example, the prove is (00001 11000). Next we apply P8, which picks out and permutes 8 of the 10 bits according to the following rule P8 6 3 7 4 8 5 10 9 The result is subkey 1 (K1 ). In our example, this yields (10100100) We then go back to the pair of 5-bit draw produced by the two LS-1 functions and perform a circular left shift of 2 bit positions on each string. In our example, the value (00001 11000) becomes (00100 00011). utmostly, P8 is utilize again to produce K2 . In our example, the result is (01000011). C. 3 S-DES Encryption Figure C. 3 shows the S-DES encryption algorithm in greater detail. As was mentioned, encryption involves the sequential application of fi ve functions. We examine each of these. Initial and Final Permutations The input to the algorithm is an 8-bit block of plaintext, which we first permute using the IP function IP 2 6 3 1 4 8 5 7 This retains all 8 bits of the plaintext but mixes them up. At the end of the algorithm, the inverse permutation is used C-3 8/5/05 1 3 IP1 57 2 8 6 It is easy to show by example that the second permutation is hence the reverse of the first that is, IP1(IP(X)) = X. The operation fK The most complex share of S-DES is the function fK, which consists of a combination of permutation and substitution functions.The functions can be expressed as follows. Let L and R be the left 4 bits and rightmost 4 bits of the 8-bit input to fK, and permit F be a mapping (not necessarily one to one) from 4-bit strings to 4-bit strings. Then we let fK(L, R) = (L F(R, SK), R) where SK is a subkey and s the bit-by-bit exclusive-OR function. For example, suppose the output of the IP stage in Figure C. 3 is (101 11101) and F(1101, SK) = (1110) for some key SK. Then fK(10111101) = (01011101) because (1011) (1110) = (0101). We now describe the mapping F. The input is a 4-bit number (n 1 n2 n3 n4 ). The first operation is an expansion/permutation operation 4 1 2 E/P 32 3 4 1 For what follows, it is clearer to depict the result in this fashion n4 n2 n1 n3 n2 n4 n3 n1 The 8-bit subkey K1 = (k11, k12, k13, k14, k15, k16, k17, k18) is added to this value using exclusiveOR n4 11 n2 k15 n1 k12 n3 k16 n2 k13 n4 k17 n3 k14 n1 k18 p0,1 p1,1 p0,2 p1,2 p0,3 p1,3 Let us rename these 8 bits p0,0 p1,0 The first 4 bits (first row of the forgo matrix) are fed into the S-box S0 to produce a 2bit output, and the remaining 4 bits (second row) are fed into S1 to produce another 2-bit output. These two boxes are defined as follows C-4 8/5/05 0 S0 = 1 2 3 0 1 $3 $0 $3 1 0 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 3 3 2% 0 3 2 0 S1 = 1 2 3 0 0 $2 $3 $2 1 1 0 0 1 23 2 3% 1 3 1 0 0 3 & The S-boxes operate as follows.The first and fo urth input bits are interact as a 2-bit number that specify a row of the S-box, and the second and third input bits specify a editorial of the Sbox. The entry in that row and column, in base 2, is the 2-bit output. For example, if (p0,0p0,3) = (00) and (p0,1p0,2) = (10), then the output is from row 0, column 2 of S0, which is 3, or (11) in binary. kindredly, (p1,0p1,3) and (p1,1p1,2) are used to index into a row and column of S1 to produce an additional 2 bits. Next, the 4 bits produced by S0 and S1 undergo a further permutation as follows P4 2 4 3 1 The output of P4 is the output of the function F.The Switch Function The function fK only alters the leftmost 4 bits of the input. The switch function (SW) interchanges the left and right 4 bits so that the second instance of f K operates on a different 4 bits. In this second instance, the E/P, S0, S1, and P4 functions are the same. The key input is K2 . C. 4 Analysis of Simplified DES A brute-force attack on simplified DES is certa inly feasible. With a 10-bit key, there are only 2 10 = 1024 possibilities. Given a ciphertext, an attacker can try each possibility and analyze the result to determine if it is reasonable plaintext. What about cryptanalysis?Let us turn over a known plaintext attack in which a single plaintext (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 , p5 , p6 , p7 , p8 ) and its ciphertext output (c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 , c5 , c6 , c7 , c8 ) are known and the key (k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 , k6 , k7 , k8 , k9 , k10) is unknown. Then each ci is a polynomial function gi of the pj s and kj s. We can therefore express the encryption algorithm as 8 nonlinear equations in 10 unknowns. at that place are a number of possible solutions, but each of these could be calculated and then analyzed. Each of the permutations and additions in the algorithm is a linear mapping.The nonlinearity comes from the S-boxes. It is useful to write down the equations for these boxes. For clarity, rename (p0,0, p0,1,p0,2, p0,3) = (a, b, c, d) and (p1,0, p 1,1,p1,2, p1,3) = (w, x, y, z), and let the 4-bit output be (q, r , s, t) Then the operation of the S0 is defined by the following equations q = abcd + ab + ac + b + d r = abcd + abd + ab + ac + ad + a + c + 1 where all additions are modulo 2. Similar equations define S1. Alternating linear maps with these nonlinear maps results in very complex polynomial expressions for the ciphertext bits, making cryptanalysis difficult.To visualize the scale of the problem, note that a polynomial equation in 10 unknowns in binary arithmetic can have 210 possible terms. On average, we might therefore C-5 8/5/05 expect each of the 8 equations to have 29 terms. The provoke reader might try to find these equations with a symbolic processor. any the reader or the software will give up beforehand much progress is made. C. 5 Relationship to DES DES operates on 64-bit blocks of input. The encryption scheme can be defined as IP-1 o fK16 o SW o fK15 o SW oL o SW o f K1 o IPA 56-bit key is used, from wh ich sixteen 48-bit subkeys are calculated. There is an initial permutation of 64 bits followed by a sequence of shifts and permutations of 48 bits. Within the encryption algorithm, instead of F acting on 4 bits (n1 n2 n3 n4 ), it acts on 32 bits (n1 n32). After the initial expansion/permutation, the output of 48 bits can be diagrammed as n32 n4 n28 n1 n5 n29 n2 n6 n30 n3 n7 n4 n8 n31 n32 n5 n9 n1 This matrix is added (exclusive-OR) to a 48-bit subkey. There are 8 rows, corresponding to 8 S-boxes. Each S-box has 4 rows and 16 columns.The first and last bit of a row of the preceding matrix picks out a row of an S-box, and the middle 4 bits pick out a column. C-6 10-bit key ENCRYPTION DECRYPTION P10 8-bit plaintext 8-bit plaintext Shift IP-1 IP K1 fK P8 K1 fK Shift SW SW K2 fK P8 K2 fK IP1 IP 8-bit ciphertext 8-bit ciphertext Figure C. 1 Simplified DES Scheme 10-bit key 10 P10 5 5 LS-1 LS-1 5 5 P8 K1 8 LS-2 LS-2 5 5 P8 K2 8 Figure C. 2 Key Generation for Simplified DES 8-bit p laintext 8 IP 4 fK 4 E/P 8 F 8 + 4 4 2 K1 2 S0 S1 P4 4 + 4 SW 4 fK 4 E/P 8 F 8 + 4 4 2 K2 2 S0 S1 P4 4 + 4 IP1 8 8-bit ciphertext Figure C. 3 Simplified DES Encryption expatiate

Slavery & Racism in America Through Time

SLAVERY & RACISM IN AMERICA THROUGH TIME Slavery & Racism In the States Through Time AMENDMENT I to the Bill of Rights, the sort come bulge out of the closetly to be fitted to guess your own choices about your life In so any(prenominal)(prenominal) words that is true. The first amendment speaks of freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom of petition, n eertheless who did this pertain to? not everyone was privileged to these rights, which is sad when in straight offs society we pose so lots to be thankful for. Our rights be being guarded, fought for by thousands of men and women in the Armed Forces day and night, and have been for years, only if when since 1865, the make out for get evenity did not exist.So today t here is a spirit that America has, c all(prenominal)ed Patriotism, which means something different now than it did onwards 1865. Today we have comfort and a reason to live here a purpose. Coming into this world as a black, tage, brown, green, o r chromatic person, we all have a choice as to who we requisite to become, and how we want to call the shots, if we want to be lawyers, police officers, judges, waitresses, or run for the chair woman of the United States. Did it ever occur to you, that before you and I and our grandparents were natural, not whatsoever of this was an option?People had children for one reason colours had children to raise and become the owners of their plantations depending on the sex of the child. If you were an Afri back American slave, you were born an African American slave. No choices We all have choices now. The mess it took to get America to where we are today is an amazing adventure that is going to be and adventure to write about. earlier the reconstruction in 1865, African Americans were inured in ways depending on their masters.The authority the masters had all over their slaves, made it easy for them to take proceeds of the situation by beating them and being torn up by dogs, whic h is what one slave said that lived to tell her story during an interview by Ila B. Prine in a Federal Writing Project in 1937. humanity Andersen lived in Mobile atomic number 13, and was said to be 101 years centenarian. well-nigh of the former slaves during this project were close to a century old if not older. They speak of broken English, scarce not of a language of a country, but of illiteracy. The slaves were not given education rights, for hemselves or children. They were simply attribute on this earth to work for the white man. thither were also the slaves who had a better way of life because their masters felt that mistreating their slaves would not make for a good investment for their future if penuryed to sell them later. The slaves would need to be healthy and hard working, well mannered, and trusted. To beat, and feed them to the dogs, as good- bequeath well taked, would not promote more work out of the slaves either. In these interviews the slaves spoke of fre edom by and by the emancipation as if they had never left.They were even out free, but really, were they? They had choices to move on and make more of their lives, but to the highest degree were oblivious to what was out there. They lived alone, never learned to read or write, but spoke of freedom as it being the best thing that ever happened. Would you agree? Abolishing slavery did not mean the white man trustworthy the black man into their world. This brought hatred, ugliness into society more than could be imagined. The anti-black riots began the pass of the Elections of 1866. Many were killed and injured.Still, African Americans did not give up fighting for sit downisfactory rights from the beginning of the reconstruction. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified which allowed African Americans that were born in America to be called U. S. citizens, but were limited to their constitutional rights. Although they unplowed getting beat down, they demanded the right to vote, and in 1870, finally, the fifteenth amendment was ratified and gave the right for black males to vote. (Davidson, 481) The fact that the black man was able to vote meant a lot, but what did that mean to to the rest of the African Americans?To the women? Women were all the same not considered equal to man. It was not until 50 years later until the nineteenth amendment granted women the right to vote. There were a lot of corks and screws loose in the consitution, and with each democracy having the ability to change within its own, made it difficult to constitute the equality game. No matter where you went Democratic parties were trying to wean out the rights for the African Americans. Separate but Equal was the new Democratic racetrack slogan. Today this means nothing. Then it meant seperating the blacks and the whites as extensive as theywere treated equal.The fourteenth amendment was limited to protecting citizens civil rights by states not by individials. Segregation was legalized in 1896, but for example, Mississippis new state constitution required voters to pay a toll and required all voters to pass a literacy test. This eliminated a great majority of black voters. How is this not setting them up for failure? Entrapment at its best Then by1908, campaigns that vagabond a to limit voting has one in every grey state. The color blind constitution was a part of African American progress for the next 100 years, which will bring us past(a) to our future amazing life as we are nowNot only giving African American men the right to vote, but women, made a big impact on the political society. This legitimized womens participation in all areas of society. For example, African Americans were still getting denied services in certain states that was kept underground for a period of time. Reporter Peter Buxton, a Public Health researcher revealed that 399 African American men were infected with syphilis near Tuskegee, Alabama in 1932. They were being denied medical tr eatment so that effects of the sickness could be studied. This subsequently ended in 1972.In 1997 President Clinton apologized to some of the American people by stating the some of the studies were not covert, and not only on African Americans. Basically spreading the wealth among the whites, burn victims and so forth The fa naut miies that were there were still unaware of what experiement they were getting into. (P*, 1994-1995) There was so much for the black man and woman to give up on. Since slavery the whit man has been trying to run the black man out of the country, out of the business world, out of the housing market, the crop market, the economy, away from voting has that stop him or her?What is next? The Klu Klux Klan has got to be the most dredged alligience that lynched African Americans and they grew all over the United States after terra firma War I. The KKK Lynched over 70 African Americans, leaving 11 burned alive. The mid 50s were generation also when men were lync hed for imagined crimes. Just for possible looking at someone. There is a story about a black man in North Carolina plowing a field. He was accused of looking at a white woman walking along side the field, when he was probably just looking at the cows butt. He was effectuate guilt for leering at her.He was given a long prison sentence. The black men and women still stood for what they believed in. In 1955, Rosa Parks, well, she sat down for what she believed in. She was tired after a long day at work, and refused to give up her seat on a bus in Alabama, which disobeyed a law that required blacks to give up their seats to white people when buses were full. She was arrested, which caused a 381-day boycott, that resulted in the independent Court banning requisition on public transportation. Rosa Parks was a seamstress who helped take off the civil rights movement of the 1960s. (Americas Story)No matter what, African Amercians were pushing to be apart of American society, and EQUAL part of Amerian society. Because we are all Americans. By the early 1960s, African Americans were moving to urban centers in the Northest, the Midwest and the out-of-the-way(prenominal) West of the United States. Then by the 1970s, the trend was known as the Sun Belt phenomenon. (Davidson, 831) The cities were declining, the whites were moving out and the blacks, and hispanics were moving in. There was so much in Americas society that the African American had to offer after we had moved in. In 1967, Thurgood Marshall was the first African American Supreme Court Justice.He spent many years on the content Association for Colored People, and argued that segregated schools for children was against consittutional rights. The Supreme Court agreed. We still had our corky times, 1968, Springfield riots, Martin Luther King assassination, the democratic convention in Chicago, ect. , but will it ever end? We have so much still to fight for and so does the black man. We finally have our firs t African American President of the United States of America. Does it end here? No It will not Because Barak Obama will not. This paper stands behind every black man amd woman and what they stand for.They should never give up for what they believe in. Have opinion in our country and where you stand. To come as far as slavery, to be born and know you will be 4 years old and peeling potatoes barefoot and picking corn in the fields without meals for hours, sleeping on hardwood floors and calling that normal, then calling freedom, sitting in your livelihood room afraid to walk outside and cross the street because you can not read the street signs. Their freedom was never given in every sense it could have been like we have it. References Lester, J.. (2009, September). Troubling clean-living People. The Horn Book magazine, 85(5), 507-508.Retrieved September 29, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 1845601651). African American literature. ClassicLayout. World Book, 2009. Web . 29 September. 2009. Americas Story from Americas Library. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 12, 2009, from Library of Congress in capital of the United States D. C. http//www. americaslibrary. gov/cgi-bin/page. cgi/jb/modern/parks_1 Davidson, J. D. (2008). Nations of Nations, A Narrative History of the American Republic (Sixth ed. , Vol. II Since 1865). (S. Culbertosn, Ed. ) Several, US McGraw Hill Companies. Georgetown University. (n. d. ). The History spend.Retrieved September 28 , 2009, from Resources for Historians the History Guide http//www. historyguide. org/resources. html P*, S. E. (1994-1995). Bordeninstitute. army. mil. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from Military Medical Ethics http//74. 125. 155. 132/unclesam? q=cachePuNerD7YimYJwww. bordeninstitute. army. mil/published_volumes/ethicsvol2/ethics-ch-17. pdf+peter+buxton+tuskegee+alabama&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Prine, I. B. (1996). American Studies Hypertexts at the University of Virginia. Retrieved October 11, 2009, from Amer ican Slaves Narratives, an Online Anthology http//xroads. virginia. edu/hyper/wpa/anderso1. html

Political View Essay

My for the first time political view was formed through my family. Although politics werent rattling discussed with children, I eavesdropped in the conversations from time to time. I would hear how they liked bingle candidate over the other due to the issues they stood for. By overhearing my parents, I get laidledgeable which issues were favored in my community. Those I grew up around were democrats. I perceive a herd about needing officials in office that cared about the state instead of money. Learning about government in school exploitation up allowed those views witnessed from my parents to be challenged.Although the curriculum was generally unbiased, the teachers that taught my courses had the opportunity to impart their avow opinions on a mass amount of political issues. This changed my wit on the democratic views that I had. The media has also influenced me through the information I have gained through it. Television and social media often discusses a lot of polit ics. They continue to cover the daily activities of the government. The presidential election is covered on the news as high priority. I am able to learn about the candidates that are running and each of their views.Because I dont try to associate myself with a particular political party, the televised debates help me decided who to vote for president. Although my family, teachers, and the media has been a big influence on my political views, my own experiences with politics have formed my views the most. A lot of my lifes experiences have been affected by politics. Issues such as education and use are big ticket items in politics that I am directly affected by. Keeping up with the current issues allow me to know whats going to change for me personally. Although I am not fasten to any specific political party, I do have original issues that are important to me.

Industrial Revolution Essay

industrial rotary motion describes the period between 1750 and 1850, in which tremendous changes characterized by developments in textile, iron were realized. The regeneration was spearheaded by Britain. Modern historians refer to these changes as the first industrial revolution (Clark, 2007). The second revolution was characterized by steel, electronics and automobiles and was spearheaded by Ger more (Clark, 2007). The industrial mutation was a period fillight-emitting diode with drastic kindly and economic changes. The transformation between hand-made tools and goods to automobile-manufactured products changed not only the economy, but in any case the lives of the workers. The first changes began in Great Britain in the 1780s and spread crossways atomic number 63 and North America by the 19th century loss a profound effect on the entire world. The industrial mutation effected every aspect of gentlemans gentleman society including the nature of work, chela labor, and heal th conditions of the workers. horti last was a dominant job for workers before the industrial variation. Sebastian Le Prestre Vauban listed many typical jobs including mowing, harvesting, threshing, woodcutting, working the smear and the vineyards, clearing land, ditching, carrying soil to vineyards or elsewhere, laboring for builders and several other tasks (Wiesner 152) in his tax-reform proposal. This document shows that breeding as farmer consisted of purely manual labor. Although these jobs were arduous and demanding, the typical rude worker was only employed for half the year according to Vauban. Agriculture was a task-based working system where the work was completed according to a completing a task by a certain deadline. As vast as the taskswere completed on time, the hours spent working were not tightly regimented. With the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, workers moved from the fields to the factories.The Industrial Revolution had a great impact on the humans rights and conditions and it also resulted in significant technological advancements, but it can be flatly stated that the technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution were par substance when compared to the revolutions impact upon human rights and conditions. Agriculture was the main-stay for livelihood before the era of Industrial Revolution. Most of the people owned farmlands and workers were employed to work in the farms. Although Industrial revolution brought about significant economic development throughout atomic number 63, at that place were also considerable social and cultural changes seen as well (Snooks, 2002). Industrial revolution had a tremendous transformation on the middle class, which ab initio was comprised of industrialists and coursemen to another class of noble and gentry people. There were change magnitude employment opportunities for the ordinary working people in the industries, but on a lower floor strict working conditions. There work was mo nitored and controlled by machines hence long hours of work (Clark, 2007).Industrial revolution led to the introduction of urbanization since many people relocated to the cities to look for employment in factories such as the water power silk mill and the cotton spinning mill. This was characterized by dense, fix housing and poor living conditions. There was the introduction of new laws guarding squirt labor, public health and working condition for the ordinary workers to avoid developing of the minority (Snooks, 2002). As a great deal as there were positive personal effects of the industrial revolution such as urbanization, there was also a negative impact on industrial revolution that comprised of people who were anti technologists such as the luddites (Clark, 2007). There was a change in culture since new cities grew rapidly, affecting families and peer groups. For instance, there was an influence in drugs by peer groups and the following Economic ChangesDuring the first ind ustrial revolution, there was an curious economic transformation there was a tremendous increase in population growth thatwas sustained. This led to considerable enlargements of commercial activities in Europe (Snooks, 2002). Steam power was invented that was utilise to provide power in the factories, used for mining, and transport. It replaced human labor and introduced machines that could do mining in depth, increase action in the industries, and fast means of transport to the markets. The textile industry was changed by new machines the spinning Jenny allowing for much higher production at lower costs and in less time (Jacob, 1997). Thanks to the industrial revolution that brought about, better transport system such as the canals and wherefore the railway. These provided quick, better means of transporting raw materials from the mines and also finished products to the market. Trade expansion was enabled. There was also much development in metal and chemic industries due to the industrial revolution that provided better working conditions for its workers (Clark, 2007). Development of all-metal machine tools enabled the manufacture of more production machines for industries. These spread all over western Europe and North America then to the rest of the world. The industrial revolution facilitated the manufacture of more production machines.Causes of Industrial revolutionIndustrial revolution came about due to several inventions and the scientific revolution allowing for new discoveries such as technology. Resources required for the industrial revolutions were readily available hence advertize industrialization to occur. There was a culture of hard work, developing ideas and essay taking that initiated for the industrial revolution in Europe. Availability of large amount of m whizy of capital that Europe was ready to use for investment also led to the industrial revolution (Clark, 2007). There was the end of feudalism that changed the economic kind red among the Europe continent, this encouraged industrial revolution. A large population that allowed for industrial workforce was available.ConclusionAs much as Western Europe tried to do away with capitalism, industrial revolution contributed to the creation of a true capitalist system. There was wide spread of investments, stock markets, and business corporations. Britain was the main advocator for the industrial revolution due to the agricultural revolution. The British kings lost power and the land holdersgained power (Clark, 2007). There is no surmise that the Industrial Revolution was one of the most influential time periods of human history. It was almost solely responsible for propelling society into the modern economies that we steady have in place today. The technological advances of this time are what allowed for the plurality production of goods and services for society, which allowed for trade to be conducted on a much larger scale. Additionally, the average family saw in increase in the amount of income that they touchd because an un accomplishmented worker could find work in one of the many new factories that were opened to produce the goods needed for the businessworld. regrettably the workers of the time were usually taken advantage of because of their apparent lack of skill and the abundance of workers available for the same jobs. This created a work environment in particular negative for women who would be treated unfairly in the workplace and would receive less pay for the work that they did. Prompted by the oppression that many in the working class felt, literary works were put out to juice up the workers to take back their freedoms. Karl Marx advocated for a revolution of the working class over the management that held them back. Bakunin advocated for the overthrow of the government to get society to a earthy state of harmony, and the Pope pushed for a united workers front where the government defend its citizens from being oppr essed in the workplace. Over the course of the Industrial Revolution the worker saw vast changes, which ultimately lead to the economic multiplication we have now that are improved from the days of the past.Works CitedClark, G. (2007). A Farewell to Alms A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press. Princeton University Press Princeton. Jacob, M. (1997). scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West. Oxford Oxford University Press. Snooks, G. D. (2002). Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary. London Routledge. (2008, 04). affect of the Industrial Revolution. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 04, 2008, from http//www.studymode.com/essays/Impact-Of-The-Industrial-Revolution-144806.html Industrial Revolution Research Paper StudyMode.com. 05 2011. 2011. 05View as multi-pages

College and Success in Life

College and Success in Life It is very difficult to answer the claim that a someone needs a university fosterage to be conquestful in bearing history because victor in keep means distinguishable things to different lot. This study starts by defining three different ideas of advantage. Following this, it looks at which types of success are dependent on a university education. Success in life can be achieved in different ways. Many magazines and television programmes itemize us that success means having a lot of money, having a fulfilling career, and creation powerful.In contrast, most religious and spiritual organizations claim that success means determination spiritual happiness and being at peace with God and with yourself. another(prenominal) idea of success focuses on relationships being surrounded by people who love you and care about you, spending time with family and friends. A university education can help you achieve some types of success, but it makes little o r no difference to whether or not you are successful in other areas of life. Undoubtedly, a university education is essential if you want to have a career in a profession such as law, engineering, teaching, or medicine.However, you do not need a university degree to become a wealthy and powerful movie star, sports star or businessperson. In fact, a university education does not generally enable you to achieve spiritual happiness, or to have successful relationships with family and friends. sIn conclusion, there are many different types of success. A university education may help you to achieve professional success in some careers. However, it will not help you to achieve success in other areas of your life such as your spiritual life or your relationships.

Assignment Internal Cash Control Essay

The weaknesses in the infixed hinder up on over property disbursements are, in that respect should be lonesome(prenominal) angiotensin converting enzyme person in charge of create verb everyy the regresss for each task, and thither should be numbered checks for both people so that the notes spend screw be tracked easier, the cabinets were the checks are stored should be both locked cabinets, one for each person who writes the checks. Memo I would recommend that to apply a better control over money paid and items purchased, that you light having numbered checks in two separate accounts, one account for the treasurer and one account for the purchasing agent.This method bequeath score it easier for moth parties to avoid mistakes, and it will also be easier to put forward money spent and received. P4-1A The internal control principles implemented by the Guard Dog Comp whatever are, numbered checks so that the caller-out has a number trail to monitor cash dispersment. Ea ch check must run through approval from Jane Bell, and Dennis Kurt before a check tail assembly be issued, this is an establishment of responsibility to ensure that not just anyone ion the lodge can write checks.Checks must be signed by every Tom Kimball, the treasurer, or Karen Thews, the assistant treasurer. Before signing a check, the signatory is expected to compare the summates of the check with the amounts on the invoice, this is also a division of establishment of responsibility and both of these procedures are a use of backing procedures. After signing a check, the signer stamps the invoice paid and inserts inwardly the stamp, the date, check number, and amount of the check. The paid invoice is then sent to the be department for recording.By doing this it is a centering of confirmatory ships company cash dispersment and documentation control. Blank checks are stored in a harmless in the treasurers office. The combination to the safe is known by only the treasurer and assistant treasurer. By locking the checks in a safe it establishes responsibility for the checks, and uses a Physical, mechanical, and electronic controls to narrow down any check problems to one source. Each month the buzzword statement is reconciled with the bank balance per books by the assistant chief accountant.By doing this it establishes document control, this charge any discrepancies in the amount paid can be verified. advise the weaknesses in internal accounting control in the handling of collections. The weaknesses in the handling of collections are the way the money is deposited, the way the checks are do out and the way the money is verified and deposited. P4-2A List the improvements in internal control procedures that you plan to make at the next meeting of the take stock team for (1) the ostiariuss, (2) the dot usher, (3) the financial depositary, and (4) the finance committee.The improvements the ushers need to make is that after(prenominal) each offerin g they should individually count their own collected baskets and enter there amount in an offering pound book, so that there is less room for error in the next step. By handing all the baskets to the head usher without counting the money themselves, the head usher can offer any amount on his final deposit. The improvements the head usher needs to make is to make sure that each usher counts their baskets, and that the head usher counts all the baskets and checks for discrepancies to make sure that no one is pocketing any money.The head usher should also check the amount given to him/her against what is create verbally in the offering log. Have a book to log the amount of money that is put into the safe so that it is logged in a way that can be verified by the committee, a note is not a safe method because it can be thrown out, by logging in a book it is easier to find were the discrepancies came from. The improvements the financial depository should make is that he/she should hav e a aliveness down of what needs to be paid and make a log of the amounts that need paid and to make sure the receipts are logged along with whatever bills or serve that needed to be paid that week.The financial secretary should also asseverate the amount of money in the safe against the log that is kept by the ushers. The financial committee should show a more detailed list of what disbursements are needed each month so that the financial secretary knows what is needed for payment that month. They should also be involved in verifying the performes income. To improve internal control the church should have a log for money received during offerings, they should tell the congregation to make the checks payable to the church or to the account holder that the checks are deposited into, because anyone can cash a check made out to cash.The church should also verify that any money not deposited from the offering was spent properly and not used for personal things. Include how a compa ny could use the five-spot basic principles of cash management to increase accuracy for a line of business. A company can increase the collection of receivables by offering incentives for busy payment from their customers. A company can delay the payment of liabilities and bills to shutting to the due date of the liability or bill, so that if any expenditure is needed before the due date they will not have spent the money too early.A company can keep inventory low on the merchandise that does not sell quickly, so that the company has money for the merchandise that is popular and selling fast. A company that wish to expand should wait until they have excess money in a slow season so that they can expand their business and have new locations open in time for their busy season. A company should invest money that is sitting idle into low peril companies, the most common form of liquid investments is interest-paying U. S. government securities.

Lord of the Ants- Notes and Paper on E. O. Wilson

Lord of the Ants Ed Wilson Was hit in the centre by the dorsal fin of a Pin fish and went part blind, so he turned his interest to animals small enough for him to show whole and up close, something small enough for him to hold between his hobble and pointer finger to inspect. Pheidole Jim Watson- Newly appointed head at Harvard Watson excite Wilson to apply chemistry to how ants stay so organized Chemical cart ants leave to direct and guide another(prenominal) ants towards food, away from an enemy, a new-fangled home, and so on. Pheromones Sociobiology Many protested his surmisal of sociobiology Encyclopedia of Life E. O.Wilson was intrigued by nature at a very young age, growing up in Alabama offered him a instinctive world, rich in plants, insects, and plenty other species just waiting to be discovered. He had a true love life for pinch the natural world that we inhabit. As a young boy, he was hit in the eye by the dorsal fin of a Pin fish and went partially blind. H e didnt let this hold him back, quite he focused his interest to animals small enough for him to see entirely and up close, something small enough for him to hold between his thumb and pointer finger to inspect. Wilsons interest in nature grew with his age, heearned his B.S. and M. S. degrees at the University of Alabama, and went on to earn his Ph. D. from Harvard University. Wilson wroteOn Human Nature, a Pulitzer Prize-winning book on his theory of Sociobiology, explaining how the many characteristics of humane and society can be explained from an evolutionary point of view. He explained that all animal behavior, including human behavior, is the outcome of hereditary factors, environmental stimuli, and past experiences. His work faced much resistance from many, as a lot of critics had a hard time accepting his theory as it applied to humans.His theory rejects the previously established doctrine of tabula rasa,which holds that human beings are born a clean slate, and that cultu re functions to aid in human knowledge, survival, and success. Island biogeography is a field of biogeography that studies species richness in isolated natural areas. This theory examines extinction and migration patterns of different species to isolated areas. Wilsons work has lead to the understanding and need for species conservation. His theory led to establishing national parks and the development of home ground corridors.

Cadbury and Kraft

The acquisition of Cadbury confront widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including merchandise union Unite,29 who fought against the acquisition of the society which, according to Prime Minister Gordon Brown, was very(prenominal) important to the British economy. 30 Unite estimated that a takeover by kraft could put 30,000 jobs at risk,243132 and UK shareholders protested over the Mergers and Acquisitions advisory fees charged by banks. Cadburys MA advisers were UBS, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley. 333435 Controversially, RBS, a bank 84% owned by the United Kingdom Government, funded the kraft paper takeover. 3637 http//www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmbis/234/23405. htm High quality international journalism requires investment. Please share this article with others using the link below, do not cut paste the article. See our TsCs and Copyright policy for more detail. Email ftsales. emailprotected com to b uy additional rights. http//cachef. ft. com/cms/s/a153ff94-595f-11df-99ba-00144feab49a. htmlixzz1dKyAgSEK Cadbury helps Kraft to 26% rise in revenuesBy Greg Farrell in New York and Elizabeth Rigby in capital of the United Kingdom Published whitethorn 6 2010 2354 Last updated May 6 2010 2354 Kraft Foods reported net revenues of $11. 3bn for the scratch quarter 2010, a 26 per cent gain over the equal period in 2009, much of it fuelled by the US food companys acquisition of Cadbury, completed in February, and aided by well-disposed currency exchange rates. Organic revenues for Kraft grew 3. 3 per cent for the quarter, enchantment Cadburys organic revenue growth was 8. 2 per cent. Net dough for the company were $1. 9bn, largely from a $1. 6bn gain on the divestiture of Krafts pizza business.

Commercial Contracts Under Nigerian Legislation

COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS UNDER Nigerian LEGISLATION Introduction A strike is an agreement which is legally book binding on the parties to it and which if broken may be enforced by performance in court against the party that has broken it. A accept may be deprave or voidable. A void geld is that which lacks the congenital ingredients or elements of valid contract and in that respectfore of no legal effect. A voidable contract is that which is valid in the first place except may be ended at the instance of peerless of the parties to it.Such contracts admit guarantee with a bank of money lender, hire buy and sale or leasing of sphere. The legal consequences of non-compliance atomic number 18 that they are non enforceable at law though they are non necessarily void. However, close to categories of contracts moldiness of necessity be in writing or else they shall be void absolutely. These include transfer of shares, marine insurance and hire purchase agreements. As a gener al rule withal, all contracts are in the reputation of agreement however, not all agreements may constitute a contract properly so called.For instance, an agreement for the sale of a parcel of land is intended to be binding and enforceable at law, whereas, an invitation to a tiffin which after all, did not hold may not be enforceable at the suit of the dis plant party. A contract may also be under-seal or by deed and may be simple or oral. It may be enunciate when it is written or implied when it is inferred from the act up and acts of the parties. In addition, there can be bilateral contract mingled with two parties or multi-lateral contract among parties depending on the nature of obligations to be performed under the agreement.Condition and warrant are the two basic types of express destinations in a contract. Whether a term is a condition or warranty depends on the intention of the parties. A condition is a vital term which goes to the root of the contract. Breach of a condition entitles the innocent party to repudiate the contract and to claim damages. A warranty is a term which is supplementary to the main purpose of the contract, breach of which only entitles the innocent party to damages. organic law OF A VALID CONTRACT The main requirements of a valid contract are as follows 1. there mustiness be an offer . there must be an acceptance 3. there must be context 4. parties must have extensive contractual capacity 5. there must be an intention to nominate legal relations 6. object of the contract must not be unlawful nor illegal 7. prescribed formalities must be followed, for character, it should be in writing or by deed. Forms of Contract Contract supported by consideration are basically expected to be in writing,. It is however important to note that a contract may also be oral or implied and to experience be binding on the parties depending on the peculiar circumstances.The fact rest that a contract may not be taken as being inva lid or unenforceable for the mere fact that it is not in a written form. Te court would normally not assist any soul who was lured into an oral agreement. Writing merely facilitates the interpreting or proving of the terms of the contract barring which it may not be all that necessary. In considering commercial contracts under Nigerian legislation however, we would value three of such contracts which are ? hire purchase ?sale of goods ? function. situation CONTRACT IntroductionAgency is a relationship that exists among two mortals, one of whom expressly or impliedly agrees that the other should represent him or act on his behalf. The one that is represented is called the wind while the person representing or acting on somebodys behalf is called means. Agency relationship involves the consent of the agent and the principal that one should act for the other. It thus arises from a contract or agreements express or implied. Ofodile v. Chinwuba Generally, the relationship of princ ipal and agent may arise in three main ship canal 1.By agreement , whether contractual or not express or implied in nature 2. By subsequent check by the principal of the agents act done on his behalf, and 3. By operation of law under the doctrine of necessity Whether or not an spot relationship exists would largely depend on the certain nature of the agreement and the circumstances of the relationship between the principal and the agent. In another vein, the law of agency consists of the law of the employer and the employed, where the employment consists of bringing the employer into contractual relationship with the third party.This relationship is simply referred to as The Master and handmaid relationship under the labour law and for which there is a secondary liability. An agent should be distinguished for an independent contractor. An independent contractor is the person who negotiates with the third party on his own behalf. An independent contactor is a person liable to giv e contract for service while and agent or servant renders contract of service. An independent contractor is personally liable at law for his actions. An agent is not a trustee of the goods in his manage not being the legal owner.The extent or scope of the promoters discretion is determined by his principals instructions. intelligent title always remains in the principal. An agent can thereof not give good title all by himself. sorting OF AGENCY a. Special Agent This is someone who has billet to do some particular act on behalf of his principal though not a continuous basis for instance, a special order to purchase a house or a vehicle. b. General Agent this is someone who has creator to act for his principal in all matters involving business or trade, for example a solicitor or legal practitioner. . A Factor Agent He is an agent who sells or disposes of goods that are entrusted to him. His activities are governed by the Factors mold 1889 (UK d. Broker Agent He negotiates ad makes contract for the sale and purchase of goods. However unlike a factor he is not left(p) in possession of the goods. Typical example is insurance Brokers and Stock Brokers. e. global Agent This is someone who represents various principals in many aspects of trade. He is appointed by a Deed under Power of Attorney and has broad magnates. f.Mercantile Agent He represents someone in commercial and certain aspects of trade. Their duties are more or less similar to those of the factor agent g. auction off He represents a principal in the disposal of real properties. They are usually licensed to sell properties of Mortgagors who have defaulted in wagesment. Auctioneer acts between the Vendor and the purchaser. He receives commission and invariably sells to the highest bidder. h. Estate Agent These worry in the acquisition of, valuation of an disposal of properties i.Del-Credere Agent This is a moneymaking(a) agent who, in consideration of extra pay, that is del-credere commissi on guarantees to his principal that the third party with whom he enters into contract on behalf of the principal shall duly pay the sum becoming due(p) under the contract. In effect a del credere agent is a surety of the person with whom he deals. This is just a form of guarantee which may not necessarily be in writing in order to be enforceable at law. asylum OF AGENCY It may be created in two broad ways namely (a)Expressly and (b) impliedly a. Express earthly concern . By deed this involves issuing an authority in writing with the necessary instruction and attestation clauses. That is signed, sealed and delivered. This move is known as the granting a Power of Attorney. 2. Oral instruction This is agency by appointment, it deals with express authorisation of the principal to the agent to act for him b. Implied Creation 1. Agency of necessity This is created by act of person who normally had no authority but was compelled to reasonable act to protect the interest of the tert iary party especially during an emergency situation. 2.Agency by Estoppel This is a type of agency that can be inferred form the conduct of the parties. If the situation that exists suggests that parties want to create an agency relationship, either of the parties is stopped form denying the existence of such a relationship. 3. Apparent Agency This occurs where a principal has not taken due precaution to prevent a situation where somebody portrays himself as having power to act as his agent. 4. Agency by confirmation This occurs where the principal having full knowledge of the fact, accepts the benefits of the contract entered into by his apparent agent.Any act whether lawful or unlawful may be ratified provided it is not void. If it is voidable it is quiesce capable of being ratified as long as it is valid. In Brook v. Nook where an agent forged his principals jot on a promissory note it was held that the attempt at ratification was void. The principal must have capacity as a t the date of the contract. In Kelner v. Baxter where a promoter tried to ratify some pre-incorporation contracts it was held that he could not succeed as the contracts predated the company.

Control of the Corporation, Mergers and Acquisitions

The direction Problem and Control of the Corporation, Mergers and Acquisitions The Agency Problem and Control of the Corporation Corporate managers are the agents of shareholders. This relation creates a business for shareholders who must find ways to induce managers to pursue shareholders interests. financial managers do act in the dress hat interest of the shareholders by taking pull through to increase the transmission line value. However, in large corporations ownership mickle be spread over a huge number of containholders. It has been mentioned that this bureau problem arises whenever a manager owns less than 100 percent of the sloppeds shares.Because the manager bears only a fraction of the cost when his manner reduces the unfluctuating value, he is unlikely to act in the shareholders best interest. lets just say that management and stockholder interests might differ, say that the firm is considering a parvenu investment, and the investment is expected to favorab ly wedge the share value, moreover is relatively a risky venture. Owners of the firm leave behind then wish to take the investment because the stock leave alone rise, but management may not with the fear of on that point jobs being lost. iodine obvious mechanism that can work to reduce the agency problem is increased manager insider shareholding.But, even where managerial wealth permits this is costly since it precludes cost-efficient risk bearing. Other mechanisms are also available. More concentrated shareholdings by egresssiders can induce increased monitoring by these outsiders and so mend performance by a firms own managers. Similarly, great outside representation on corporate control boards can result in more effective monitoring of managers, and the market for managers also can alter managerial performance by causing managers to become concerned with their paper among prospective employers.The available theory and evidence are consistent with the spot that stoc kholders control the firm and that stockholder wealth maximization is the relevant remainder of the corporation. The stockholders elect the board of directors, who, in turn, hire and fire management. Even so, there will undoubtedly be meters when management goals are pursue at the expense of the stockholders, at least temporarily. Mergers and Acquisitions An learning, also known as a takeover or a buyout or merger, is the buying of one political party (the target) by another. An acquisition may be friendly or hostile.In the former case, the companies cooperate in negotiations in the latter case, the takeover target is unwilling to be bought or the targets board has no prior knowledge of the offer. Acquisition normally refers to a corrupt of a smaller firm by a larger one. Sometimes, however, a smaller firm will acquire management control of a larger or longer established troupe and keep its give for the combined entity. This is known as a reverse takeover. Another attribute of acquisition is reverse merger a deal that enables a snobby accompany to get publicly listed in a short time period.A reverse merger occurs when a private company that has self-colored prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly listed shell company, usually one with no business and limited assets. Achieving acquisition success has proved to be very difficult, while various studies have shown that 50% of acquisitions were unsuccessful. The acquisition process is very complex, with many dimensions influencing its outcome Although they are oft utter in the same breath and used as though they were synonymous, the ground merger and acquisition mean slightly different things.When one company takes over another and clearly establishes itself as the pertly owner, the buy is called an acquisition. From a legal point of view, the target company ceases to exist, the emptor swallows the business and the buyers stock continues to be traded. In the pure sense of the ter m, a merger happens when twain firms agree to go forward as a single new company rather than remain separately owned and operated. This kind of action is more precisely referred to as a merger of equals. The firms are often of about the same size. Both companies stocks are surrendered and new company stock is issued in its bug out.For example, in the 1999 merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, both firms ceased to exist when they merged, and a new company, GlaxoSmithKline, was created. In practice, however, actual mergers of equals dont happen very often. Usually, one company will buy another and, as part of the deals terms, simply allow the acquired firm to proclaim that the action is a merger of equals, even if it is technically an acquisition. universe bought out often carries negative connotations, hence, by describing the deal euphemistically as a merger, deal makers and top managers try to make the takeover more palatable.An example of this would be the takeover of Chrysler by Daimler-Benz in 1999 which was widely referred to in the time, and is still now, as a merger of the two corporations. The buyer buys the shares, and therefore control, of the target company being leveraged. Ownership control of the company in turn conveys effective control over the assets of the company, but since the company is acquired inviolable as a going concern, this form of transaction carries with it all of the liabilities accumulated by that business over its past and all of the risks that company faces in its commercial environment. The buyer buys the assets of the target company.The cash the target receives from the sell-off is paid tail to its shareholders by dividend or through liquidation. This type of transaction leaves the target company as an empty shell, if the buyer buys out the entire assets. A buyer often structures the transaction as an asset purchase to cherry-pick the assets that it wants and leave out the assets and liabilities that it does not. This can be particularly important where foreseeable liabilities may complicate future, unquantified damage awards such as those that could arise from litigation over bad products, employee benefits or terminations, or environmental damage.A disadvantage of this structure is the tax revenue that many jurisdictions, particularly outside the United States, impose on transfers of the one-on-one assets, whereas stock transactions can frequently be structured as like-kind exchanges or other arrangements that are tax-free or tax-neutral, both to the buyer and to the sellers shareholders A purchase deal will also be called a merger when both CEOs agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies.But when the deal is unfriendly that is, when the target company does not want to be purchased it is always regarded as an acquisition. Whether a purchase is considered a merger or an acquisition really depends on whether the purchase is friendly or hostile an d how it is announced. In other words, the real dissimilitude lies in how the purchase is communicated to and received by the target companys board of directors, employees and shareholders. It is kind of normal though for M deal communications to take place in a so called confidentiality bubble whereby information flows are restricted collectible to

Art Is Long Life Is Short Essay

graphics is a one of the most wonderful things in our life. It is an expression of familiar thoughts and beauty in our life. It helps people to understand and feel deeply the completely beauty and splendor of our culture. Without the with child(p)est masterpieces of past times we even couldnt find out the development of our history. For example, the most wonderful treasures argon Wonders of the World. give thanks to them we know about the potentials of human creativity, thoughts, and, of course, about our past. Basically, the phrase means that great art, whether it is music, painting or poetry will far outlive their creators. For example, William Shakespeare.He passed away many centuries ago but his magnificent tragedies, comedies and sonnets are restrained springy. They will always be the greatest literature masterpieces of the world. And many artists, composers and poets were non famous inter vivos, their works were not popular or were fundamentally different with the demand s of the government, and they live on the breadline. But after their deaths their works became comprehended at their true value. For example, one of the greatest Russian composer Modest Musorgsky did not manage to show his compositions to people openly, in all of their beauty because they were to a fault sharp and truthful and, of course, his works were banned to perform.He was distraught and began alcohol addiction alcohol and died in destitution. But after his death, the time has changed and his masterpieces were appreciated and they are still one of the most wonderful music compositions of the world. The works of artists, composers, sculptures locoweed go on for many generations. purport seems so incomparably hapless to great art. And we do not even notice how life goes. Life can end, but art is immortal. And all of the creators are also alive in their masterpieces and in our souls.

Techniques of Comedy

Alex Moreno field of honor 208 Comedy Techniques behind the Laughter Comedy is the genre of remove that scrams even so the saddest epochs bearable and gained a lot of popularity in a measure when heap needed a boost. Comedy is a unique act of film in its wide lead of methods, and in all of these methods at that place is at least some of a select group of approaches. The true magic that waggery has arises from these select few techniques, that, when wasting diseased properly, go out never fail to generate a laugh.Comedy comes in a wide range of forms, all of which bring a laugh in different ways. thither be however, a few specific categories of japery which become classics. The c draw backly effective of these include screwball, running gags, wit, set-up and punch line, and slap stick. While these are separate categories of comedy, they are in truth often utilise together or in other types, to successfully generate a laugh. The question is, what makes them cause o ver and over, and the answer lies in common performers of each technique.An important factor in comedy is the script and use of dialogue. While dialogue is non equally important in all types of comedy, it is politic a genuinely effective tool in producing a great comedy. The dialogue moldiness tie in fast pacing, wit, and comedy in aver to livelihood an audition entertained, all while following the script in order to draw the reference in to the film, and keep them hooked. Great comedies always make exceptional dialogue that abide make even the most unexceptional vista, absolutely hilarious.When dialogue is used properly, it can be comedy in itself, or add to other joke. An example of this is when a important quality makes a funny comment about the antagonist or another character. The actions of the other character may not be funny al wizard, still add some commentary and it becomes extremely funny. Overall, dialogue is not the main drive behind all comedic forms, as seen in silent films, except it is still important to modern comedy in its ability to make ordinary things funny. The next important factor of a successful comedy is the pacing.Fast pacing is the only successful way of making a comedy the audience moldinessinessiness always submit something to generate a laugh. Audiences are fickle, and making them wait for something to happen will only cause them to suffer interest. The tread must be fast enough to keep people interested, entirely it must also be at a pace where the audience can keep up with the action. A comedy will not be funny if the next joke starts before the audience even laughs at the last one. A great comedy must find just the right balance that will not lose the audience to boredom, or in a rush.Give the audience enough time to laugh, but dont let them stop laughing. Another vital factor in generating a successful comedy is in the use of montage. Cutting shots between different angles helps to keep the audience int erested by adding fresh perspective, the film must always be moving, and so must the camera. This is used in addition to close-ups and establishment shots during important sequences. A very effective method of doing this is switching shots between characters during important comedic sequences.An example of this would be a main character meant to be funny talking to one of the stagnant characters, anti-comic relief, and showing their lack of reaction to something funny through by the main character. Another method is changing the camera angles while a character has difficulty performing a task. A character seek to carry a box through a door is funny, but gets old unless you constantly montage in order to keep the scene fresh, adding to the pace. Montage is an important factor in successful comedy because a joke needs to stay fresh in order to be funny, as does a comedy.The casting in a film is of the period importance, as not all people are funny in the same situations. Actors all boast certain comedic roles, which they best fit into. A serious looking actor with a stern voice would not make a good goofball character. If that same actor is dictated into the role of a gangster with the attitude of a child, he becomes a great comic figure. Casting is of the utmost importance as actors must fit their roles, while they have more range in comedy, they still must be believable to some degree.This can be seen by the great number of comedies where people walk out saying it would have been funny or funnier with someone else. Casting must be done carefully in order also insure that the characters play vigorous against each other. While a grown man acting kindred a child is funny at times, it becomes extremely effective when at that place is another character provoking them to behave that way. In the end, casting determines how the audience will react to the story, and whether jokes will be funny when coming from the selected cast. In the end all of these things ti e in to make a comedic film funny.If the techniques are used properly you will create a high up energy comedy that will keep the audience entertained. True classics have everything that a comedy could need, great dialogue, fast pacing, montage, and great casting. When these techniques are used together properly, a comedy cannot fail. The basic goal of a comedy is to stay fresh, and by utilizing these techniques, even the most played out scenario can become funny all over again. Comedy has made us laugh for nearly a century, and it will continue to so dour as it is kept new, fresh, and exciting.

Human Memory and Knowledge Construction: Increases in Student Learning Essay

It is infixed to alleviate students in effect investment firm and c both up schooling from their want- circumstance recollection board. charitable stock is moot to the way training is received, interpreted, stored, and retrieved. In short, selective breeding is brought into the sensory register. The input signal thusly(prenominal) moves into the working shop and is then stored in the long recollection. An apprehensiveness of Piagets theory of knowledge construction helps teachers to guide substantive lessons and conversations that maximize student get word awaying. It is therefore authorised that teachers understand human memory and learning as nearly as strategies to enhance these aspects in the classroom to support student learning. An understanding of memory is infixed for teaching students.Memory is the swear protrude of storing and retrieving information and behaviors. Human memory has several components that atomic number 18 essential for effec tive storage and convalescence. Storage is the process of taking what was presented and placing it in a location in the hotshots storage space for later retrieval. Retrieval is the process of disowning the information that was antecedently stored. peerless way to theorise most this part of memory is to conceptualize of the brain equal a file system. Although it is non entirely accurate, this coincidence works to describe parts of the storage and retrieval process. In this way, the brain is homogeneous a file cabinet.There be files for many concepts and the information is stored according to these files. This is a persons synopsis Schema is an micturate set of information about a topic. For example, a person could brook a schema for beaches. This schema would contain information such as white sand, the sound of seagulls, and tide pools. If this was a file system, there would be a file labeled beaches, and inside of that file would be information, pictures, and memo rabilia related to beaches. One way that human memory is different from a filing system is that one piece of information could be stored in conjunction to more than one schema.One way to think about this is the like a web, where the central idea is in the reduce, and ideas and information come from the center into sub categories. These subcategories buttocks also boast opposite subcategories, and can be connected to other ideas and concepts. Retrieval is related to the filing system, also. In this way, when a person is looking for information, they go to the file where the information is stored and pull out what they need. When a person is retrieving information for their memory, they use retrieval cues in a connatural manner. Retrieval cues are stimuli that help people recall(a) information.This in impartition is related to a persons schema as soundly as the web analogy. In this way, when a person sense of smells a legitimate scent, like pine corners, they pull forw ard all the schemas that contain the smell of pine trees. This allows the brain to go through with(predicate) a smaller inwardness of stored information for a faster retrieval. In this example, schemas of Christmas, the woods, and grandmas menage may be brought forward. When information is not stored in an appropriate schema, retrieval is more difficult and slower than if it were stored in a memorable place. This is important for student education and the teaching process. It is important for teachers to help students to store information learned in class in narrate to improve retrieval and net connections across schemas.There are ternary places that a remark can go. The maiden is the sensory register. This is where the brain decides whether or not the comment is necessary for a person to consciously consider. This means that some things make it to the working memory and some things are ignored. This is important because people are exposed to many stimuli at the same time and if attention was gainful to all of them, the person would not be able to focus on any given stimulus. This is often a large problem for students with economic aid Deficit Disorder ( bring). Students who switch ADD are viewed as being unable to concentrate on their school work.The actual problem is that students with ADD are paying attention to many stimuli making it difficult to concentrate on a single stimulus. Students who have ADD often have trouble with their sensory register because it does not ignore the unnecessary stimuli of their surroundings, such as noise in the hallway, leaves quivering on a tree outside, or the sound of a noisy heater. in one case a stimulus has been deemed worthy of consideration by the sensory register it moves into the working memory. This is where meaningful thinking occurs and connections are made, before the information is stored in the long term memory.This is where students need help making sense of information. The working memory is like a Post-it note. The initial idea is placed on the Post-it. Information can then be added to the Post-it, attached to other Post-its, or moved to another(prenominal) place to make a connection. Students need to be guided to make connections and understand the presented information. Long term memory is where the information is stored for later retrieval. Once a person has processed the information in the working memory and made connections to prior knowledge and attends, the brain then stores the information accordingly. effective storage requires that the information is stored according to schemas for retrieval. For example, when I was traveling in Misiones, Argentina, I came across a strange animal. Looking at this animal, it looked like a mix of a raccoon and an anteater. It had a long tail like a lemur and sat like a bear cub. Later I discovered that this animal is called a Coat. The Coat, therefore, is stored in my long term memory, in relation to schemas about Misiones, Argenti na, animals, and tropical forests. In chapter two of Ormrods (2012) book, Essentials of Educational Psychology Big Ideas to Guide Effective Teaching, Ormrod describes three processes for effectively storing information in long term memory.These processes will be discussed in relation to the case study. The case study involved a teacher, Mrs. Dennison, and her class, as they discovered menace species. Mrs. Dennison uses many different techniques to help her students to learn this material. The first process is elaboration. This is where the receiver takes the information that they have been presented with and supplements it with realistic hypotheses to more deeply understand the concept. These hypotheses come from relationships with other prior knowledge. Ms. Dennison shows the class a video to introduce the concept of jeopardize species.She begins with a video on manatees. This is an un long-familiar topic for students. She then guides the students through questioning, to elabora te on the presented information. The students are then able to make connections to what they already know about animals. For example, Ms. Dennison asks is the manatee like anything youve ever seen before? and How bragging(a) is the manatee compared to you? She also asks her students how they think that manatees swim and later asks why manatees do not live as far north as Canada. The second process is arranging. The process of organization is where a person makes connections between ideas. Under the umbrella of endangered species, Ms. Dennison introduces manatees.She then introduces fuckhead turtles. Using a matrix, Ms. Dennison guides her students to comparing and contrasting the two endangered animals. She also does this using the maps. This map shows the overlap of the habitats of the two animals and also where the muttonhead turtle can live that manatees cannot. The final storage process suggested by Ormrod is visual imagery. This process involves a person creating a picture in his or her mind either from the way he or she imagines it looks or from being exposed to images of the concept.Ms. Dennison helps her students to use this process by using videos and images. In the beginning of the unit, Ms. Dennison uses a video on manatees to introduce students to manatees and endangered species. She asks students to relate what the manatee looked like in the video to something else that they had seen before. She shows a video about loggerhead turtles as well as tapes a picture of the loggerhead turtle in the description column of the matrix.Ms. Dennison used these strategies for storing information in conjunction with the three component memory system. Initially the information is brought into the sensory register. This comes from the videos. The information is deemed as important and therefore moves to the working memory. To help students take the information from the sensory register to the working memory, the teacher asks students to make observations. pre sent the teacher guides the students to organize and elaborate on the information to be stored in long term memory. The teacher helps the students to make connections to prior knowledge, hold raw(a) knowledge through hypotheses, and organize the information for effective storage and retrieval.She does this through class discussions, the use of the matrix and map, and making meaningful connections to the things the students were already familiar with. The teacher leads the students to move the information from the working memory to the long-term memory. By helping students to organize the information into appropriate schemas, the teacher helps the students to successfully store the information into their long-term memory. She is doing this by using the matrix and maps as well as comparing and contrasting the animals. She also helps the students to practice their retrieval skills when she asks them to recall the previously discussed definitions such as habitat.The methods used by Ms . Dennison will be effective for long-term memory storage and successful retrieval because she uses all three methods for long-term memory storage. She helps the students to create meaningful connections allowing the information to be stored in many different schemas. She also helped students to create their own schema for endangered species. Within that schema, using the matrix, classroom discussions, and map, she is able to guide students to create subcategories of the schema for each animal as well as the environmental implications. The systemized organization of the schema will help students perform effective and economical retrieval for future reference.Piaget, a researcher from Switzerland, devoted his life to understanding the way fryren develop cognitively. Piagets theory of knowledge construction is found in the notion that tikeren are motivated to learn by disequilibrium. Piaget explained that when a student is in disequilibrium he or she feels uncomfortable and needs to drive home to equilibrium. This shift is made through accommodation and socialization. Assimilation is when a person takes an unidentified stimulus and fits it to an quick schema.For example, when a young child is presented with an unknown animal, such as a zebra, he or she is in disequilibrium because he or she is unsure what kind of animal it is. After observing the zebra, the child discovers that the zebra has many characteristics of a horse. In order to get back into equilibrium, the child decides that the zebra is a horse. Here the child assimilates the information into the existing schema of horse. alteration is when a person creates a impertinently schema or reorganizes an existing schema to harbor the new information. Returning to the child who sees a zebra for the first time, to book this new animal into a schema the child decides that the zebra is not a horse but a new animal all together. The child then creates a new schema for zebras that contains information re garding how the zebra is similar to and different than a horse.Piagets theory of knowledge construction is unembellished in the case study. Ms. Dennison recognizes that because of the geographic location of her students, manatees, loggerhead turtles, and other endangered species may not be something that the students are familiar with, thus make disequilibrium. In order to help her students to get back into equilibrium Ms. Dennison helps her students to accommodate the information. One way that she does this is by asking the student to relate the manatee to something that they are familiar with. Keri suggests that a manatee is like a cow. universe from Wisconsin, this is something that many students can relate to. Ms. Dennison explains that manatees are often called sea cows.If she would have stopped the discussion there students may have assimilated the information. She does not, however. Instead, she discusses the differences between manatees and cows with the students. One exa mple is that cows have legs and manatees do not. This leads students to accommodate the new information This helps students to create a new schema for manatees. This brings students back to equilibrium. She then discusses the characteristics and habitat of manatees and organizes this information into a matrix. The students are then able to add this information to their new schema. This organization will help students to retrieve the information later.There are other strategies that would be helpful for Ms. Dennison to use that would help to increase her students learning, as suggested by Ormrod. One thing that she could do would be to suggest mnemonics for information that may be difficult to remember later. One example of a mnemonic that she could use in this unit would be HIPPO. This acronym is used to remember the causes of extinction for animals. It stands for habitat, introduction of an exotic species, pollution, population, and over consumption. other way that Ms. Dennison co uld help her students would be to provide a hands-on experience to relate to the concept.This could be done within this unit by having students think of ways to conserve their environment, raise money to save a species, or write letters to government officials expressing their concern about the wellbeing of the species. Human memory has many aspects. Storage and retrieval are both essential in this process. The use of schemas can improve storage and retrieval. The three-component model of memory is a good descriptor of the process. A stimulus is initially taken into the sensory register, when it is deemed important the stimuli then moves into the working memory where it is organized, interpreted, and connected to other prior knowledge.The information is then stored in long-term memory, where it awaits retrieval. There are three significant processes that are useful for storing information in long-term memory organization, elaboration, and visual imagery. Piagets theory of knowledge construction is an essential understanding for teachers to perceive student learning through accommodation and assimilation as students move from disequilibrium to equilibrium. There are many strategies that help students effectively learn, store, and retrieve information. It is imperative that teachers help students to complete this process in order for meaningful learning to take place.ReferencesOrmrod, J. (2012). Learning, cognition, and memory. In Essentials of educationalpsychology big ideas to guide effective teaching (3rd ed., pp. 16-55). Boston,MA Pearson Education, Inc.