The Speeches of Antony and Brutus free essay sample

Analyzes the distinctions in Antony and Brutus discourse styles and adequacy in Julius Caesar. This is a paper looking into the two significant talks of Marcus Brutus and Antony in William Shakespeare?s Julius Caesar. The creator makes a few fascinating focuses and talks about how Antony ?s strategy for playing with the audience?s feelings beat Brutus? endeavor to utilize the audience?s pride and nationalism. Incredible speakers are recalled since forever for making addresses that touch the crowd, or get the crowd to think something that before appeared garbage. Individuals like Martin Luther King Junior and Abraham Lincoln changed history, and are recollected right up 'til the present time for their memorable talks. In William Shakespeares play, Julius Caesar, two such addresses were made. In the play, both Marcus Brutus and Antony made discourses that moved the group, yet they utilized various procedures to achieve their objectives. Brutus? what's more, Antony s addresses contrasted limitlessly in their accentuation, substance, and composing style. We will compose a custom paper test on The Speeches of Antony and Brutus or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Compare and Contrast the Shang and Zhou Dynasty Research Paper

Thoroughly analyze the Shang and Zhou Dynasty - Research Paper Example The Shang and Zhou lines spread the time somewhere in the range of 1700 and 250 BC. They were broadly known for their utilization of bronze and jade, and for their very much prepared militaries and steady utilization of human penance. One may ponder: what made the two networks rich, solid and ground-breaking? What despite everything make these networks to be heard in the general public? These two traditions of China are the main lines for which there are a few verifiable records. Generally, Shang is the primary tradition in China. Shang line rose after the Xia administration of which history marginally addresses and before the Zhou tradition. This talk will give locate a shot the verifiable foundation of Shang and Zhou administrations while investigating a few happenings during their traditions. These two traditions began as semi itinerant clans that habituated the western side of Shang realm. Their itinerant way of life set them up to work with various individuals who had various societies. Something close to 1040 B.C Zhou vanquished Shang during a war passage. For their potential benefit, Zhou got steadfastness of the estranged urban communities. Accordingly, the Shang crumbled their ethics; Zhou exploited this and took over Shang administration. This caused Zhou to embrace Shang way of life to a degree of applying Shang craftsman methods. Because of their tendency of aesthetic way of life, Shang administration was notable to rehearse their work of art in an unmistakable way. They significantly got occupied with bronze throwing where earthenware production were demonstrated and were utilized to serve food and wine to their progenitors back then. Another particular way of life is their completely evolved composing structure. The condition of advancement and multifaceted nature in the majority of their works expressly depicted early improvement period which isn't validated up to today (Dani 1996). The most talked about particular and trademark picture was enrichment which was significantly never really bronze vessel known as taotie. In light of old lines, the Zhou who had received Shang ways of life and administration formulated

I have a dream speech Essay

â€Å"I Have a Dream† is the name of a discourse Martin Luther King, Jr. allowed on a multi year prior while he was on Washington, D. C.. In his discourse, he discussed his desire for a superior future. His desire was that individuals of various races could live respectively calmly in America without isolation. He talked about the separation that the dark man has confronted despite the fact that they should be dealt with equivalent when the liberation declaration was agreed upon. Martin Luther King made a significant statement on Abraham Lincoln where he stated: â€Å"Life, freedom and quest for happiness†. This was a guarantee that all men, highly contrasting men, would be ensured the â€Å"unalienable Rights†. He needed to help his thought on what Abraham Lincoln said that all men are equivalent both white and dark men have similar rights. This discourse left a heritage of uniformity of Rights for all men in the United States. Hundred years before Martin Luther King gave his discourse dark men were not free until Abraham Lincoln marked the liberation decree. Through those hundred years dark men weren’t treated as equivalent as white men. Dark men were segregated in all the United States as a result of their skin and the measure of supremacist individuals in those days was critical. King’s discourse exceptionally powerful, he needed to incite everyone that heard his discourse to have an inclination that isolation and segregation ought to be halted. As I would see it we have accomplished King’s dream, today all men have equivalent rights and there aren’t contrasts between the races of individuals and the capacity to interest bliss. Martin Luther King longed an existence where all the races were treated as one and there weren’t distinctive between individuals in our nation. Martin saw that: â€Å"one hundred years after the fact, the Negro despite everything isn't free† and dark men were isolated to the ghettos and ghettos of the northern urban communities. The individuals who remained against King had the sentiment that lone white individuals had the right to be dealt with sensibly. Despite the fact that, they were not many and didn’t have a solid contention to protect their point in light of the fact that there wasn’t one. Ruler enlivened most of American individuals, and he got correspondence for each race America.

Downfall Of Macbeth Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Destruction Of Macbeth Essay, Research Paper The sad destruction of Macbeth was non dictated by one individual reason. It was rather brought about by a blend of three dim powers: extraordinary, outer, and interior. Extraordinary powers are spoken to by the three enchantresss and dull powers behind them. Woman Macbeth is an external power that pushes Macbeth towards the grisly deeds. Macbeth # 8217 ; s ain desire Acts of the Apostless as make up ones disapproving of intensity in tenderizing him to his ruin. The truly start of the dramatization demonstrates that dull otherworldly powers will be included. Three eldritch sisters are fixing an amazement for Macbeth, shock that will at last be him life and the reclamation of his mind. Witches # 8217 ; expectations play extremely of import work in taking Macbeth to the shrewdness workss. Enchantresss are the first to release Macbeth # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; dark and profound wants # 8221 ; by guaranteeing him crown in the nearby in the future. They stunt Macbeth doing him to accept that he was destined to be lord by guaranteeing him the rubric of thane of Cawdor and convey throughing this guarantee. After this about incomprehensible expectation turns out to be genuine Macbeth concludes that he ought to go male ruler each piece great. His imperial dreams and goal Begin to assume control over his great side. He is persuaded that # 8220 ; Two realities were told/As upbeat introductions to the expanding demonstration/Of the magnificent topic. # 8221 ; The dim powers # 8220 ; win him with legit wastes of time to bewray in most profound result. # 8221 ; Not just they make Macbeth accepting about killing Duncan ; they other than carry him to the assurance to murder Banquo and his kid by expressing that Banquo # 8217 ; s children will be male rulers. All through the entire show dull extraordinary forces deceive and trick Macbeth. In Act IV the apparitions playing with words persuade him to proceed to stroll along the bleeding path by reding him to be # 8220 ; grisly, striking, and unfaltering # 8221 ; and to # 8220 ; have no dread. # 8221 ; These expectations give Macbeth affirmation to kill more casualties, with the goal that he has splendidly no desire left for holding any virtuousnesss and possibility of change. After the enchantresss stir Macbeth # 8217 ; s wants of going male ruler, his wedded lady starts to compel Macbeth towards the existent demonstration of killing Duncan. Woman Macbeth thinks she knows exactly what Macbeth needs # 8211 ; going a male ruler # 8211 ; and concludes that she needs to constrain her hubby to make what he would neer make without her help # 8211 ; to execute Duncan. She neer really attempts to determine much for herself and neer references that she needs to be sovereign. She needs Macbeth to be male ruler ; she needs glorification for him, non for herself. Woman Macbeth Acts of the Apostless like a female parent who drives her cockamamie child to make the prep he doesn # 8217 ; t need to make since she needs him to be fruitful in his life. She neer requests the need of Macbeth going male ruler and neer pays taking care of Macbeth # 8217 ; s thoughts and assessment, only as female parent would neer consideration about her kid # 8217 ; s opinion about the # 8217 ; dumb # 8217 ; prep. Macbeth # 8217 ; s assurance to # 8220 ; proceed no more remote in this worry # 8221 ; ( I.vii ) was non even considered as a potential outcome by her. Woman Macbeth utilizes all the strategies she can to change over her hubby to kill Duncan. She utilizes Macbeth # 8217 ; s love to her as an instrument expressing that on the off chance that he will non slaughter the male ruler he genuinely doesn # 8217 ; t love her. She inquires as to whether he is a grown-up male, reveals to him that he will be # 8220 ; a great deal more a grown-up male # 8221 ; subsequent to killing Duncan. She gives Macbeth an outline of how undaunted and merciless he ought to state him that she # 8211 ; grown-up female who should be sort and caring # 8211 ; would have the option to murder her ain child: I would, while it [ darling ] was grinning in my face, Have pluck # 8217 ; d my mammilla from his boneless gums, What's more, elan # 8217 ; d the encephalons out, had I so vowed As you have done to this. R/gt ; ( I.vii.61-64 ) Woman Macbeth utilized the Macbeth # 8217 ; s sentiments towards her, his fortitude, his aggressive nature, his dark wants as instruments to do Macbeth to make what she thinks will pass on him achievement and fulfillment. Enchantresss and Lady Macbeth strongly attempted to force Macbeth to slaughter Duncan and to go on the succession of dreadful slayings. In any case, Macbeth was non a powerless willed puppet that others could simple order. He was a fearless and solid grown-up male who could resist outside impacts and do his ain assurance. For what reason did he let his wedded lady and enchantresss to change over him to make what he thought was off base to thing to make? The answer is that he needed to be persuaded. Indeed, Macbeth started to accept about going lord even before he met the enchantresss. This clarifies his strange response after he hold heared the enchantresss # 8217 ; anticipations. Banquo noted with shock: Great sir, for what reason do you get down, and appear to fear Thingss that do sound so just? Macbeth is apprehensive and feels remorseful after he gets extraordinary expectations of going thane of Cawdor and male ruler! The solitary record is that enchantresss think his ain thoughts and discover him accepting about such a malicious thing as executing Duncan. Another grounds to back up the idea that Macbeth needed to kill Duncan is the response of Lady Macbeth after she peruses Macbeth # 8217 ; s note. Her thoughts in a split second hop to killing, despite the fact that killing was non even referenced wherever in the letter. It appears that Macbeth had been care foring the idea of killing Duncan for a long clasp and talked about it with Lady Macbeth ordinarily. In their duologue in I.v neither woman Macbeth nor Macbeth himself makes reference to the word # 8216 ; killing # 8217 ; . The solitary suggestion that Duncan will neer go forward the royal residence alive is given in the undermentioned lines: Macbeth My dearest love, Duncan comes here to-night. Woman MACBETH What's more, when goes in this manner? Macbeth To-morrow, as he purposes. Woman MACBETH O, neer Will Sun that morrow see! In the event that Macbeth were a guiltless sheep before enchantresss and Lady Macbeth have gone him to a merciless criminal, he wouldn # 8217 ; t comprehend what Lady Macbeth was talking about. Be that as it may, on the grounds that his clouded side had started to fight with the great side even before the start of the dramatization, he gets quickly what his wedded lady # 8217 ; s programs are. He despite everything has vulnerabilities, however he needs to accept that he is destined to be above all else. He needs to secure help and guidance for killing Duncan from both enchantresss and Lady Macbeth and gets them. Macbeth needs this push from the outside powers to stamp down his compunctions and get down executing grisly offenses. After the insidious side of Macbeth # 8217 ; s character gets help from the enchantresss and Lady Macbeth it completely assumes control over his great side and would now be able to move without anyone else with no guide from the outside. Macbeth following kil ling in the wake of slaughtering Duncan and grooms # 8211 ; killing of Banquo # 8211 ; is neer exhorted by the eldritch sisters or upheld by his wedded lady. There is consummately no ground of killing Macduff # 8217 ; s family unit. In choice, despite the fact that Lady Macbeth and the enchantresss played an of import work in changing over Macbeth to slaughter Duncan, interior power was the vast majority of import of every one of the three. It was Macbeth who concurred with them, Macbeth who submitted the killing, Macbeth who chose to continue strolling along the bleeding way. Notwithstanding, it # 8217 ; s extremely implausible that all the occasions in the dramatization would hold occurred, if there had non been help given by the enchantresss and Macbeth # 8217 ; s wedded lady. The deadly mix of the three joined powers created the appalling outcome. 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Should You Really Be A Creative Writing Major

Should You Really Be A Creative Writing Major SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips So you’re contemplating studying exploratory writing! Finishing an undergrad exploratory writing project can be an incredible method to investigate your adoration for fiction or verse and sharpen your art. As edifyingas an exploratory writing major can be, it may not be what you expect.Dedicated experimental writing majors are likewise very remarkable, so in case you're focused on getting your degree in that subject, you'll have a smaller pool of potential universities. Thispost will assist you with choosing whether acreative composing major is directly for you. Highlight Image: Nilufer Gadgieva/Flickr Numerous Great Schools (with Awesome Writing Classes) Don't Have a Creative Writing Major As I referenced above, experimental writing is a generally uncommon major, so in case you're exclusively centered around schools with a devoted exploratory writing degree, you may pass up schools that could be an extraordinary fit for you. Remember that a ton of school that don’t offer explicit majors despite everything have extraordinary chances to seek after experimental writing, regardless of whether by finishing a minor, adding to the grounds scholarly diary, or basically taking classes. Regardless of whether you realize you need to examine experimental writing, tryresearching the open doors accessible at differentschools with a receptive outlook. You may be astounded by what you find! You're Going to Have to Read-A Lot I once had a companion who cherished writingbut despised perusing particularly on the off chance that he needed to investigate the content. In the event that you tend toagree with him, and would prefer to be lowered in a tank of ants than compose a paper about Virginia Woolf's utilization of imagery to remark onWorld War I inThe Waves, this course of study isn't directly for you. Most experimental writing majors are controlled by the English division, and, truth be told, many are exceptional tracks inside the English major. As such,they include a great deal of perusing of numerous sorts, including fiction, plays, verse, and abstract hypothesis. I was an English major in student, and we were relied upon to peruse a generally book seven days in each class. Some were long (I had one educator allocate the longest single volume novel in the English language) and some were short, however it meant a ton of books! You’ll likewise need to compose basic expositions breaking down theseworks of writing in the event that you extremely just need to compose your own fiction or verse, consider studying something different and taking experimental writing classes as electives. (Martin/Flickr) You Don't Need a Specific Major to Be a Writer Composing isn't care for building: you needn't bother with a particular degree to seek after it expertly. The main thing that you have to do to be an author is to compose. Most composing employments, regardless of whether in distributing, reporting or instructing, don’t require or even anticipate that you should have majoredin experimental writing. For the couple of places that do require a composing degree, which are solely in academia,you'll really require an advanced education (for the most part a MFA). Considering writing in school is an incredible method to persuade you to take a shot at your composing andto get productive feedback(more on this underneath), however it’s by all account not the only way. A ton of incredible scholars considered something absolutely irrelevant to composing or didn’t attend a university by any means. You Can Learn A Lot From Really Focusing on Writing So far I've concentrated generally on reasons you probably won't need or need to study experimental writing, however there's one awesome motivation to do as such: you'll invest a great deal of energy writing,talking about composition, and perusing your companions' composition. One of the key highlights of any exploratory writing major is the workshop-a little class where understudies firmly peruse and analyze each other’s work. Workshops can be beneficial, since they offer the open door for bunches of amendment and revising. Be that as it may, they likewise include a great deal of analysis and can be trying for exceptionally touchy individuals. Considerhow you'll respond to disliking your composition or recommending approaches to improve it. Numerous exploratory writing majors likewise require a capstone venture or imaginative BA proposition, whichrequires you to finish a considerable bit of work that is at or close to distribution prepared. For studentswho are truly dedicated to distributing their composition, this undertaking is an important venturing stone. A few Schools Have Special Opportunities for Creative Writing Majors At schools with especially solid composing programs, majors may have the chance to go to extraordinary readings or gatherings with writers that aren't available to non-majors. They may likewise have need for exercises like working at the artistic diary or college press. These sorts of advantages are totally reliant on the school, be that as it may, so try to investigate the particular projects that you're keen on. Top rated writer Emma Donoghue peruses from her novel Room (London Public Library/Flickr) Last Thoughts Exploratory writing majors offer a novel chance to concentrate on the art of composing, however they aren't directly for everybody. On the off chance that the accompanying proclamations concern you, an experimental writing major could be an incredible fit: You love to peruse and compose. You take analysis well and wouldn't fret others perusing your work. You need to seek after composition outside of the homeroom just as in it. More RecommendedReading Persuaded you need to be an exploratory writing major? Look at our rundown of the best student composing programs. Exploratory writing majors go on to a wide scope of employments. In case you're investigating distinctive profession thoughts, look at our aides on the most proficient method to turn into a legal advisor and how to turn into an educator. In case you're seeing universities, likewise look at our guide on the most proficient method to pick the best school for you and our rundown of the best school search sites. For those of you keen on especially specific schools, we haveaguide to getting into Ivy League schools composed bya Harvard graduate. Need to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've composed a guide for each test about the best 5 techniques you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Hypervigilance as a Symptom of PTSD

Hypervigilance as a Symptom of PTSD PTSD Symptoms Print Hypervigilance With PTSD and Other Anxiety Disorders By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 09, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 09, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children REB Images/Image Source/Getty Images Hypervigilance is about more than just being extra vigilant. It is a state of extreme alertness that undermines your quality of life. If you are hypervigilant, you are always on the lookout for hidden dangers, both real and presumed. Not only is hypervigilance considered one of the central features of post-traumatic stress disorder  (PTSD), it can also occur with other anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.?? Schizophrenia, dementia, and paranoia can also induce hypervigilance. People who are hypervigilant will be constantly on guard and prone to overreaction. They maintain an intense and sometimes obsessive awareness of their surroundings, frequently scanning for threats or routes of escape. Because of this, hypervigilance can leave you exhausted while interfering with interpersonal relationships, work, and your ability to function on a day-to-day basis. Common Myths and Misconceptions About PTSD Causes Hypervigilance is the body’s way of protecting you from threatening situations. It can occur in an environment where you perceive an extreme threat. An example may include walking home late at night through a strange neighborhood. Chronic hypervigilance is a common consequence of PTSD, particularly in people who have been in dangerous environments for a long time (such as serving in battle during a war) or experienced extreme emotional trauma. Hypervigilance is common among children who experienced the recent death of a parent, were witness to violence, or are victims of abuse. In some cases, the symptoms of PTSD may only appear later in life. In people with schizophrenia, hypervigilance is associated with a threat that simply does not exist. It is an extension of the paranoia and delusions characteristic of the disorder. Genetic, psychological, and environmental factors are believed to contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Stress can play a central role in triggering a psychotic episode. Within the context of paranoia, hypervigilance may be seen with any mood or personality disorder for which paranoia may be a feature, including bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. Hypervigilance can also occur as a result of dementia related to Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative disorders or during acute episodes of sleep deprivation or substance abuse (most commonly, methamphetamine or cocaine). Symptoms Hypervigilance can be characterized by four common features: The overestimation of a threat: Hypervigilant people will be on the lookout for threats that are either unlikely or exaggerated. This may include shutting yourself in to avoid an attack, sitting near an exit so that you can escape quickly, or sitting with your back to the wall so that no one can sneak behind you.The obsessive avoidance of perceived threats: This includes avoiding everyday situations where dangers may lurk, including public gatherings and unpopulated public spaces (like garages). In extreme cases, a person may develop agoraphobia (anxiety about being in places where escape might be difficult).An increased startle reflex: This is an abnormal response in which you jump at any sudden noise, movement, or surprise, even in the middle of the night. Being in a new or uncomfortable environment might further exacerbate the response. Epinephrine-induced physiological symptoms: Epinephrine (adrenaline) is one of two stress hormones associated with the fight-or-flight reflex (the other being cortisol). People with PTSD-associated hypervigilance will often have a sustained epinephrine response, manifesting with dilated pupils, an increased heart rate, and elevated blood pressure. Hypervigilance can severely interfere with your sleep, causing fatigue, a loss concentration, and the inability to focus. Sleep deprivation can further intensify feelings of paranoia, fueling hypervigilant behaviors. In extreme cases, people who are hypervigilant may feel the need to arm themselves with guns, knives, or pepper spray or to equip themselves with sophisticated alarm systems, extra door locks, and even panic rooms. Treatment The treatment of hypervigilance can vary by the underlying cause as well as the severity of the behaviors. It also depends on whether or not the affected person recognizes that the behavior is abnormal. In either case, the first step would be to remove the affected person from an environment in which there is an actual threat (such as in cases of domestic violence) or from high-stress jobs in which the potential of threat is real (like police work). Treatment may involve psychotherapy, including mindfulness training and coping techniques, and pharmaceutical medications. Options include: Cognitive behavioral therapy: The goal of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is to teach you, through conversations with a therapist, that you cannot control every aspect of the world around you but can control of how you interpret and deal with your response to an environment.Exposure therapy: The aim of exposure therapy is to expose you to the triggers that stimulate stress in order to help you recognize them and take steps to mitigate your response.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: The goal of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is to use eye movement as means to redirect you from traumatic memories of the past to current sensations of the present.Mindfulness training: Mindfulness involves living in the moment and focusing your thoughts on immediate sensations rather than following extraneous and often problematic thoughts. Other mind-body techniques may include meditation, guided imagery, or biofeedback.Medications: PTSD and other anxiety disorders m ay be treated with  antidepressants, beta-blockers, or anxiolytic drugs. Schizophrenia, personality disorders, or bipolar disorder may be treated with antipsychotics or mood stabilizers. Get Support From the Best Online Therapy Programs Ultimately, as a symptom of an underlying disorder, hypervigilance cannot be treated in isolation. It relies upon the appropriate treatment of the condition (including substance abuse). In some cases, hospitalization may be needed to bring the symptoms under control. Coping If you or someone you love is experiencing hypervigilance to the extent that it is interfering with your quality of life, you need to seek help with a mental health professional. Managing Intrusive Thoughts With PTSD Overcoming hypervigilance can take time and be fraught with setbacks. To better deal with the challenges, get plenty of rest, improve your sleep hygiene, maintain a healthy diet, and find activities that can relax you (such as yoga or tai chi). Exercise can also help by stimulating the production of endorphins, the hormone of which can elevate moods while potentially tempering the epinephrine response. Most importantly, perhaps, you need to communicate. Suffering in silence and refusing to share your thoughts will only serve to promote your fears and isolate you from others. Find a friend or family member in whom you can confide, ideally someone who wont dismiss your fears or tell you that you are being silly. You can also join a support group for PTSD or other disorders with people who understand what you are going through. The more you build a support network of individuals who recognize the goals and challenges of treatment, the more likely you will be to persist and reap the benefits of therapy. How to Talk About Your PTSD Diagnosis

Art, Art Market and their prices - 275 Words

Art, Art Market and their prices (Annotated Bibliography Sample) Content: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, ART, ART MARKET AND THEIR PRICES Name Course Tutor Date INTRODUCTION In almost everything done in the universe, art normally defines and contributes either in a small manner or in an immense manner to illustrate and stem out its importance. According to Shelley (2003), art plays a crucial role in making our lives very rich. A world without art could be unimaginable to say the least. Majority of the forms in the 21st century are driven by art. Art is seen to stimulate our brain in different ways in some situations we may be laughing while in others it may trigger riots. Art is very essential especially when it comes to creativity and a form of self-expression. Really to just say the least, art is quite important and essential in our day to day lives. The functionality and importance of art is seen in our daily lives and it would be impossible for anyone to go about their lives without appreciating art and its effects. To just try and sum up the many different ways in which art is perceived, it is said to be form and content. Through saying this, it bas ically implies that art mainly consists of only two things that is the form and content. By putting art as a form implies the physicality of the materials utilized, the design principles which are employed and the various elements which art usually has. Content is slightly trickier since it is idea based. Content illustrates what the artist tries to put across and the reaction elicited from the artists message passed across. This research paper seeks to understand what art really is and also try and evaluate the art market and the pricing on pictures and paintings. It will utilize research materials from different scholars who have addressed art and the pricing they have had to contend with. It will illustrate the pricing of art as well as the art of pricing. It will then conduct a hypothesis on the art market and their pricing. A review of the art market Art is said to have a market where the paintings and pictures are held and sold and displayed in the form of a gallery. The primary art market basically is a gallery or exhibition where the artwork is displayed in the market for the first time and the price is also set for the first time. At this juncture, similar to those who make designer products, the dealer together with the artist come up with a selling price. This selling price factors in research and development as well as product creation. The pricing of an artwork such as a painting, picture or photograph follows the same law used in economics of supply and demand. When some work of an artist has huge demand, the value of the artwork as well as the price increase. Generally, higher demand would result to higher prices for the artwork in the primary market. Upon sale of the artwork by a purchaser, collector or dealer, it now enters the secondary market. Majority of the artworks in auction usually comprise the secondary market since the artwork has previously been purchased. Beckert Rossel (2013) try to question immensely how really the price of an artwork is arrived at. They allege that those buyers of contemporary art usually encounter a problem geared around uncertainty since what can be categorized as quality is usually hard to determine. Buyers are usually left with an uphill task of trying to estimate how a particular piece of art will perform as an investment. A market for contemporary art usually holds the possibility of rational purchasing decisions being limited. An artwork's value usually stems from a process of assessment by the various experts in the field of art e.g gallery owners, curators and the collectors. They aid in establishment of an artistic reputation of a work or a particular artist. The signals which emerge from the field aid the buyers in assessment of the economic value attached to art. This hypothesis was tested on two datasets which contained data on art prices and the information from artist's biographies. Empirical findings in the art market Contemporary art market has already been seen to be drawing controversy especially centering around the monetary valuation of art works. The main critics of commercialization of the art usually argue over the influence of the sponsors while also lamenting on how low some incomes the artists usually make. (Velthuis, 2005) The Marxist theorists use the art market as evidence as to how culture is commoditized and show how a price tag could trivializes the unique values which art seems to bring out. Other scholars assert that the market and art are two hostile worlds which are opposed to each other. (Bourdieu 1999; Zelizer 2000). The art market poses different challenges not only the collision between sacred values and monetary compensation. For instance, in economics the classical economists Adam Smith and Alfred Marshall interacted with art when developing theories centered around value and price formation. (Velthius, 2005). Although art economics has been established as a specializati on in economics, titles as "pricing" and "priceless" stand as evidence as to challenges posed by the art market to economic theory. Therefore we find that the art market is deeply entrenched in various other issues all of which in one way or another contribute immensely to the pricing mechanisms which are employed. The next section will lay emphasis on the hypothesis employed. The hypothesis is tested in an effort to show connectedness between the pricing of artwork and the market in which they are positioned. Hypothesis testing Based on the data presented above, two hypothesis were tested and which were drawn from the discussion. H1: The works of artists with better access to institutions having strong reputations in the art market realize higher prices in the primary galleries as well as the secondary auction markets. H2: The empirical relationship existent between the reputation of artists and the prices of artworks differ between the primary and secondary markets. The primary art market holds a more gradual development of prices on the progress of an artist's career. The secondary market calls for a stronger impact of actual reputational indicators For proper testing of the hypothesis empirically, datasets from artists were compiled which contained information on prices paid for art works by individuals (dependent variable). Data was also compiled directly measuring the access which artists had to the institutions of the market for art which conferred reputation. This signaled quality to the purchasers and hence explained the price formation in the art market (independent variables). We were able to assess the reputations held by these institutions and a distinction was made on the assumed effects in the secondary as well as primary markets. To do this, we had to build two datasets termed as auction price data and gallery data. The database from the secondary (auction market) comprised data on 23 internationally renowned artists who hailed from German speaking countries. These individuals pursued activities in the art world from commencement of their careers to 2000. This data also factored prices of over 1,000 wo...

Immigration The United States - 1087 Words

The United States is a popular and powerful which many people admire. It is very true that the country prospect and is more enrich. Opening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinion, I think the US borders should remain close because Citizens` or Americans` should be the first getting opportunity better than an Immigrant. The US should close its borders because open borders weaken the US economy, will bring disaster or crime, and employment. Crime is another issue raised by those concerned about illegal immigration. Some believe that all illegal immigrants are, by definition, lawbreakers, and thus are more likely to commit other crimes as well. Despite these claims, immigrant rights activist, Anne Carr argues that â€Å"immigrants commit crimes as often as American citizens† which will mean automatically that the border should be closed so it will protect the U.S citizens or U.S Americans from harmful aliens. Illegal aliens may be criminals looking to exploit the wealth of the US and damage our communities. Our legal system is becoming exploited dealing with illegal immigration, and the governments are doing too little to help. Through this Illegal immigrantsShow MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigrati on population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of the population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1399 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Faed English 126 Immigration in the United States The United States of America, being a country established by immigrants, is known all over the world as the land of great opportunities. People from all walks of life travelled across the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people whoRead MoreImmigration And The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration is a highly controversial and big problem in the United States today. â€Å"While some characterize our immigration crisis as solely an issue of the 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants living in this country, our problems extend beyond the number of undocumented people to a broader range of issues. The lack of a comprehensive federal solution has created a slew of lopsided, enforcement-only initiatives that have cost the country billions of dollars while failing to end un authorizedRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe vast majority of people living in the United States are descendants of immigrants, and yet majority of them are against them. It is quickly forgotten that America was built on immigrants that wanted a new life. A life free from harsh government, and the freedom from forced religion. The original settlers were immigrants that stole this land; immigrants continued to come for years. It is not a newly constructed concept that immigrants have always been a problem, ask any Native American. One usedRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1064 Words   |  5 Pages Camarota (2007, p.1), director of the Immigration Studies Center, reports there are 1.6 million documented and undocumented migrants take up residence in the United States every year. Camarota goes on to say that the immigrants occupy one-eighth of the total population who settled in the U.S. The flood of aliens, to a significant degree, hinders the development of the United States. Therefore, the issues which relate to immigration must not be neglected, and the government should keep the numberRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has been a large conversation topic for such a long time in our country. We have worked on policies for immigration, and have made changes to them throughout the duration of our country’s existence. This topic is always worth mentioning and important, but has become a bigger topic once again due to presidential elections and the conversations being had about immigration from said elections. It is not necessarily easily seen if the concern with immigration is who is here legally or limitingRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesA native of Mexico, Gonzalez came to the United States using a visa, to visit family members and in 1994, police convicted Gonzalez of the abduction and rape of a Waukegan, Illinois woman. During his conviction his attorney, Vanessa Potkin, addressed that at twenty years old, Gonzalez spoke very little English, had no criminal record, and yet the police wanted to pin the crime on him. Twenty years later, DNA from the crime cleared him of both charges, and Gonzalez is now threatened with deportationRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1077 Words   |  5 PagesEvery year many people move to a foreign country due to facing political issues, escaping a war, or aspiring to have economic we lfare and better education. The United States has been welcoming millions of immigrants during its short history. These days many Americans are against the current policy of immigration. They are demanding the government to decrease the number of immigrants who enter their country every year. Ironically, these Americans were immigrants themselves when their ancestors arrivedRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1632 Words   |  7 PagesFrench and European to settle in the New World. Since the colonial era, America has seen a wave of immigrants migrate in search of freedom and equality. Is this the same immigration today? Nearly 11.6 million immigrants from Mexico reside in the U.S. Today Immigration has a significant impact on many aspects of life in the United States, from the workforce and the classroom to communities across the country. Not all immigrants come to America legally whether as naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents

Emotional Intelligence And Human Primates - 1709 Words

It is widely argued that there are a set of universal or basic emotions that are not common solely to humans (Ekman 1992) but whether or not secondary emotions and the extent to which non-basic emotions are found in primates is less well-known. There is a strong suggestion that non-human primates are capable of empathy and that it is a phylogenetically-continuous trait (Preston and de Waal 2002). Whether or not responses displayed in relation to death in non-human primates has been debated and will be examined here. The examples of grief and empathy will be used to highlight how complex the debate around emotional intelligence can be in primates and how important having a greater understanding this issue may be. Research is still ongoing in this area which highlights how relevant a topic it remains. Understanding if primates display grief, or what could potentially be interpreted as compassion, and how they might express it is just one of the emotional responses which can be explored. Whether or not non-human primates are capable of grief has been heavily debated, but outside of responses to infant death the response to death of primates is not highly observed. One of the most detailed descriptions of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) group’s response to an unexpected death of an adult is described by Teleki (1973) and resulted in excited and aggressive behaviours by the group members. This group was wild and based in Gombe and the responses appear to differ greatly fromShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Macaques1748 Words   |  7 Pagesexpression to an exemplar while other examples of different expressions and neutral faces were shown. Then they were to match a video of an expression to a photograph of the exemplar while other examples were shown (Micheletta et al., 2015). These primates performed above chance, and were able to identify expressions by category regardless of the different identities that displayed them (Micheletta et al., 2015). Results showed that the use of videos improved performance, maybe because they were moreRead MoreEvolution Is The Process Of Inheriting Traits Through Dna Over Successful Generations1319 Words   |  6 Pagesselection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce (Darwin, 1859). Humans have evolved over a period of almost 1.5 millions of years with creation, development and destruction of many characteristics. But how did humans look thousands of years ago, how would we look thousand years from now and how did early humans eventually occupy the whole earth stabilizing themselves as the rulers of the planet? The answers to the above questions areRead More A Comparison of Primate and Dolphin Intelligence Essay2329 Words   |  10 PagesA Comparison of Primate and Dolphin Intelligence as a Metaphor for the Validity of Comparative Studies of Intelligence Primates and cetacean have been considered by some to be extremely intelligent creatures, second only to humans. Their exalted status in the animal kingdom has lead to their involvement in many experiments which hope to gain a better understanding of the basis of human intelligence. These experiments coupled with analysis of primate and cetaceans brain structure has lead toRead MorePrimates And Evolution Of Primates1325 Words   |  6 PagesName Professor Course Date Primates and Evolution Primates are animals and to be precise mammals. Primates have a very diverse group and this means that not all species share the same suit of traits. They have various characteristics such as hands that can grasp things, large brains, and a high degree of learned rather than innate behavior, and other numerous traits. Humans are also considered to be primates. The order Primate is divided into two main suborders and these are theRead MoreThe Nature Of Human Nature1389 Words   |  6 Pagesmain priority at that point was simply to survive. Humans have come a long way since the stone age, and continue their advancements and innovations in the age of technology. The dictionary definition of human is â€Å"sympathetic; humane† or â€Å"to be a human being.† (Human) However, to be human is a deeper and more elaborate definition. To be human cannot be boiled down to a straightforward elucidation; it is a complex answer to a simple question. Humans are defined by their undefinability, and by the collectiveRead MoreThe Growth And The Complexity Of Thought Within Humans1449 Words   |  6 Pagesdefine â€Å"us† as humans. We have a larger brain, the ability to have and maintain a strong, straight posture for an extended amount of time, dexterous hands, the skill to use our facial muscles to our advantage in order to express our emotio ns, the potential to solve complex problems and relate with one another. Furthermore, what it means it means to be human stems from our greater social complexity, prolonged postnatal dependence, the command of symbolic language, and the strength humans possess in comparativeRead MoreConsciousness Is The Way Beings Have Their Own Personal Experiences1311 Words   |  6 Pagesadvanced and increased in the past years. The Laboratory of Nuero Imaging states that humans have at least 70,000 thoughts racing through their heads on a normal day. These thoughts make up a part of our consciousness; our ongoing dose of qualia, or private internal experiences. It is obvious that humans have consciousness, but do other organisms share this capability? One experiment compared the cognitive ability of humans and great apes at the early stages of their development. Mammals, like apes andRead MoreWhat Defines Us as Humans?1724 Words   |  7 PagesWhat defines us as humans? Calling ourselves human is our way of categorizing ourselves as a superior species.   Although we are distinctly different, we should accept that we are in the same family as chimpanzees. Acknowledging that fact doesn t mean you are calling yourself a chimp. For example, a dog isn t a wolf even though they are from the same family. We are humans. What is it about our physical and behavioral traits that enable us to develop uniquely human capabilities? Traits like languageRead MoreThe Design : The Scars Of Human Evolution1729 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Unintelligent Design: The Scars of Human Evolution,† a play on words of â€Å"Intelligent Design,† the theory that some higher power or entity created the universe instead of by chance, is part of an ongoing series from Boston University s Anthropology Dialogues. In this particular podcast, topics such as wisdom tooth impaction, a comparison of Oscar Pistorius prosthetic legs and the advantages it has over human feet, and pelvis morphology and how it relates to childbirth are discussed. In particularRead MoreThe Evolution of the Human Brain: How It Differs from Our Ancestors and Why?1765 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Human Brain: How it Differs From Our Ancestors and Why? The human brain is a feat of evolution: it has allowed humans to have complex thoughts, conscience, build tools, create fires, and much more. Humans did not acquire this simply by chance. Evolution throughout our ancestral past has shaped and moulded the human mind to its state. The earliest of ancestors, including apes, had very small brains, but as evolution progressed, so too did the human brain. The rapid progression of human intelligence

Essay about Analysis of Two Print Advertisements - 873 Words

Analysis of Two Print Advertisements For this piece of coursework I will be looking at two different adverts made by the same company, Muller, and finding the techniques that are used and what the effect of these methods are on the reader. The first advert is for Muller light mousse. It has a picture of a large mousse pot in the foreground, which has been manipulated to make the viewer’s eyes believe that it is the end of a bath tub, and in the bath tub is a young couple, who are playing and having fun. Also the bath is overflowing with bubbles. The advert came from a women’s weekly magazine called Bella, this leads me to believe that the advert is aimed at middle aged women. I think that the†¦show more content†¦The copy in this advert is very light hearted, fun and slightly childish, it is also quite a feminine font. The writing says that the mousse makes you feel great which makes you want to eat it. It also links the yogurt with your health. The Muller light logo highlights this as it is in a heart which then could link the mousse with health and it being good for your heart. This shape could also with the love between two people, the two people in the advert. The slogan â€Å"love light to the full† is a pun on the saying â€Å"live life to the full† and â€Å"love life† as though the mousse can improve your life for the better, and make you love it, or that it will improve your love life. The writing which says â€Å"feel great with deliciously tasty, 99.5% fat free Mullerlight Mousse† promotes the benefits of the yoghurt to the reader first, the delicious taste, rather than the benefits of the yoghurt, the fact that it is 99.5% fat free. In this picture the women is acting in a very sexy manner, this means that it could appeal to women – eat this yogurt and you will act like this, but also it would make it appeal to men – eat this and you can get a women like this, or if your girlfriend/wife eats this they will behave like this. The bubbles around the bath tub symbolise the bubbles in the mousse, and they look fluffy and light, so the advert is putting across theShow MoreRelatedVisual images Reinforce Traditional Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes948 Words   |  4 PagesVisual images reinforce traditional gender and sexuality stereotypes through the manifestation of the masculine and feminine miens. An examination of print media advertisements highlights the social and cultural ideologies associated with traditional gender roles that are expected and imposed on by society. â€Å"Advertisements are deeply woven into the fabric of Western Culture, drawing on and reinforcing commonly held perceptions and beliefs† of gender and sexuality stereotypes. They have a strongRead MoreHow Women Are Portrayed On Advertising And The Second Looks At This Time1104 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle I am reviewing is a research article that did two separate examinations on the role of humor in gender stereotypes. The first one is the role of humor seen in television advertisements and the second looks at peoples attitudes toward humorous and non-humorous ads that have gender stereotypes in them and how that would affect a persons desire to buy. There has been a lot of research done on the gender stereotyping, especially on advertisement and the affect it has on society. The results of previousRead MoreFalse Marketing And Advertisement By Pharmaceutical Companies1397 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: False Marketing Advertisement by Pharmaceutical Companies Strategic Marketing Ethics Paper False Marketing Advertisement by Pharmaceutical Companies Leslie Irizarry Monroe College – King Graduate School Dr. Cato- 15SP-MG660-101 25 March 2015 Author Note Leslie A Irizarry, Department of Business, Monroe College- King Graduate School Correspondence concerning this analysis and answers of questions should be addressed to Leslie A. Irizarry, Department of Business, Monroe College-Read MoreHanes Case Study Essays945 Words   |  4 Pages Q2. What types of message evaluation techniques should Hanes and the advertising agency use when developing the next set of commercials for television and print (magazines)? Evaluative techniques tend to fall under two categories—that of quantitative evaluations and qualitative evaluations (Weinreich 2012). Data-driven quantitative analysis in the form of surveys can be useful, because of their ability to gain information about a wide range of users that can be compared (such as the perceptionsRead MoreA Modern Wall Street Journal Survey1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthe types of pistillate portrayals featuring in the context of consumer magazine advertisements. Content analysis was chosen for it is the best at providing â€Å"a scientific, quantitative, and generalizable description of communications content† (Kassarjian, 1977, p. For example, the advertisement for Stove Master, a very-cleaning oven quarantine the women as a housewife within the domestic sphere. However, advertisements of cosmetics may also show females in no-traditional roles, which feature as successfulRead MoreThe Impact Of Advertising On Consumer Perception Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdesigners at risk. Part of the issue at hand is how advertisements are deemed to be effective; while some authors, such as Stefan Hampel, Steven Heinrich, and Colin Campbell (authors of â€Å"Is an Advertisement Worth the Paper it’s Printed on?: The Impact of Premium Printing Advertising on Consumer Perception†), examine effectiveness from the perspective of the general audience and sales, others within the discourse, such as Philip Sawyer (author of â€Å"Perhaps Print Advertising isn t Working because Much of itRead MoreAnalysis of Contemporary Magazine Content1183 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Contemporary Magazine Content Introduction In the twenty-first century, both men and women have become targeted groups in advertising. Both target markets are flooded with images and content that promotes stereotypical sexual identities that are based on sexual images as well as cultural notions of gender roles. When flipping through a magazine a woman or girl would see ads for cosmetic surgery, makeup, wedding dresses, perfume, diets, jewelry and the list goes on. Women are affectedRead MoreRevenue in Print Media1648 Words   |  7 PagesREVENUE IN PRINT MEDIA Print production is measured on its quality, timeliness and effectiveness, whether its a brochure or packaging or a magazine advertisement. But when something in the production process goes wrong, it can not only cause delays but also increase cost and impact quality. The challenge for print buyers is to manage print jobs efficiently through procurement and production while guaranteeing consistent quality and on-time in-budget completion. This requires specialized expertiseRead MoreSystematic Review Of Health Article1393 Words   |  6 Pagese-cigarette advertisements. Advertisements for two popular e-cigarette brands were changed to include warning statements about product ingredients or the tobacco industry. The study utilized a between-subjects factorial design in which participants (n= 847, aged 18-34 years) were randomly assigned to one of eight treatment groups or one of two control conditions (Sanders-Jackson et al., 2015a). There were eight treatment groups due to differe nt combinations of two brands of e-cigarettes, two warningRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Communications: Hanes Case Study958 Words   |  4 Pages Q2. What types of message evaluation techniques should Hanes and the advertising agency use when developing the next set of commercials for television and print (magazines)? Evaluative techniques tend to fall under two categories that of quantitative evaluations and qualitative evaluations (Weinreich 2012). Data-driven quantitative analysis in the form of surveys can be useful, because of their ability to gain information about a wide range of users that can be compared (such as the perceptions

Fashion in the Cold War - 2197 Words

FASHION IN THE COLD WAR By Imani Jones Analyze how and why the cold war affected both sides’ fashion styles. The Cold War traumatically affected the lifestyles of the United States, Soviet Union, China and Europe; however, the Cold War played a major role in fashion history. Fashion during the Cold War gave people the opportunity to express themselves through what they wore. Due to Communism in other countries such as China, people were neither able to wear what they wanted nor embrace themselves in the latest fashion trend of that season or even year. In a Communist world, people lived in very basic conditions and cared little about luxuries such as fashion (Fashion Encyclopedia, 2012). Those West of the iron curtain,†¦show more content†¦This was a dominant look for women in the late 1940’s and well throughout the 1950’s. Those of both high and middle class were usually the ones to wear fashions as such as these especially since it was now affordable for people of the growing middle class. The 1950s, often categorized as a time of great conformity was when everybody wanted to act, think and dress the same. Seen in Image 3 in the index, conformity was an action from people in correspondence with socially accepted standards, conventions, rules, or laws. The men and women, who had broken from social norms in regards to gender roles during World War II, were now following back into more traditional roles such as†¦. (3-5) According to Sun Xi, in Communist China, the clothing of the 1950s symbolized political and friendly ties between them and Soviet Union. The Lenin coat, tan khaki material, double-breasted with a belt attached, seen in Image 4 in the index, was highly popular around this time in China and had come to China from Russia. It was suitable for both sexes, but more flattering to feminine curves and was considered high revolutionary fashion. Simplicity and thrift were the main objectives in Chinese fashion of the 1950s. Clothing in the colors of green, blue, black, or grey, preferably patched were the most admired. The Lenin coat reflected what they truly believed in which was, labor is beautiful. In the Communistic mind, labor is beautiful would be explained asShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War On American Culture Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was a pivotal time in American history. To a greater degree than most other wars, the Cold War affected American society in unfathomable a nd profound ways. More specifically, American culture transformed immensely during this time. From a constant state of anxiety, to changes in media and the arts, to McCarthyism; the Cold War fervently affected the quality of life, personal expression, and American politics. Predominantly, the Cold War inflicted fear and apprehension within the AmericanRead MoreMccarthyism : The Cold War1110 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Cold War, the United States was deeply enthralled in fears of a Communist takeover. The Cold War, a nuclear war between the Soviet Union and the United States, lasted from 1945 to 1990. As the Cold War progressed spies and individuals of the communist party were uncovered and put on trial. Joseph McCarthy, a Wisconsin senator, took advantage of the United States fear of communists by making up false evidence and accusations against innocent people. Americans feared that there were rootsRead MoreIs Fashion Important1379 Words   |  6 PagesIs Fashion Important ? Fashion means a general term of a famous style or practice; this is more especially in clothing, footwear, makeup, body piercing, and furniture. Also fashion may refer to a very distinctive and more often habitual trend speaking of the style which one dresses, as well as in prevailing styles in behavior. Fashion may also refer to the newest innovations of textile designers. On the technical form the term costume is so connected with the term fashion in which the use of theRead MoreAmerican Way Of Life ( Rudiger ) Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesThe atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were direct attacks on civilian cities in terroristic fashion. The justification of the United States use of nuclear weapons has come under fire from journalists and the public alike following the World War II era. Along with violating the standards set out by the Geneva convention, many argue that the weapons were not even necessary to win the war as there was no possibility for a Japanese vic tory. (Mason 2014). Proponents of the decision however,Read MoreUnderstanding the Cold War Today652 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand the Cold War today. For example, what do everyday people today think of when they hear the term Cold War? This is what you are going to find out! Each of the three people whom I asked was unanimously ignorant about the Cold War. Two of them knew something about it, but lacked the immediate sense that those living in the era possessed. Interview One The person was born in the 1970s and came of age in the 1980s. Although she may have experienced something of the Cold War climate in herRead MoreThe Cold War By Alexander Zuyev1693 Words   |  7 Pagesliving the Soviet Union and serving in its armed forces during the Cold War. Published in 1992, Zuyev explains the difficult living conditions that would then cause him to steal a fighter jet in order to defect to the United States. With a unique perspective from within the Soviet Air Force, he explains how major events of the Cold War played out in the Soviet Union. With a clear purpose to inform readers of his life in the Cold War, Alexander Zuyev delivers a rich story that helps readers understandRead MoreCulture Behind the Curtain1317 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, and Premier Joseph Stalin unlocked Soviet borders to an influx of American film, music, print resources, and tourists. This American culture, espe cially the scores of Jazz records and recordings, grew incredibly popular. Jazz orchestras sprung up across Moscow and the Soviet bloc, and these groups longed for the opportunity to play American scores in their own styles. Music became a common vehicle conveying the cultureRead MoreThe Success Of The 1980 S1648 Words   |  7 Pagesrefreshed the US and created a more confident country. There were many people that were trying to find a voice for themselves and realizing that people have a voice and it should be used and heard. Not only were things evolving in the music and fashion industry, politics were taking a huge turn, for the better, and the general everyday life of living in this decade was different than any other decade thus far. All about the Eighties To understand the problems and success of the 1980’s, theRead MoreEssay on Fashion in the 1960s and 1970 s1003 Words   |  5 PagesFashion in the 1960s and 1970 s The sixties were a time of growing youth culture and youth fashions, which had already begun in the late fifties. In the west, young people were benefiting from the postwar industrial boom, and had no problem finding work. With extra cash in their pockets, they were able to spend more and had begun to refashion themselves accordingly. This higher demand in the fashion business brought out a new generation of designers. The freedom of extra cash meant roomRead More The Balance Of Power Theory Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagesbe found in the Cold War. In the Cold War the two superpowers the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. held a stable world balance between them. Both states sought to deter domination by the other through a build up of arms and through the creation of strong alliance systems. Under the B.O.P. theory the logic of the Cold War stratagies and alliances seems apparent, with the best method of security being strength. In an ideal system of B.O.P. all states would 1. act in relatively the same fashion and 2. would make

Six Steps to Learning How to Overcome Challenges in Your Life Free Essays

There are six steps to learning how to overcome challenges in your life. Each of these steps identifying the challenge or problem, defining the challenge or problem, analyzing the cause of the challenge or problem, exploring solutions to the challenge or problem, deciding to solve the challenge or problem, and taking action to overcome the challenge or problem will require your total involvement (Pokras, 1989). While no one is an expert on your particular challenge, there are strategies that can be used as tools to help you overcome these challenges. We will write a custom essay sample on Six Steps to Learning How to Overcome Challenges in Your Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first tool involves identifying the challenge. Successfully overcoming challenges require knowing exactly what the challenge involves. Many times when we first encounter a challenge we feel threatened and react defensively before knowing what we are up against. When we step back from the problem or challenge and take time to examine it we find the problem has other contributing factors that were not clearly in focus in the outset. During this phase take time to collect data about your problem or challenge such as when it began, what were the symptoms that a problem existed, and how long has this been going on (Pokras, 1989). Upon identifying the factors or underlying causes of the problem you can then move onto step two defining the challenge. In this step it is a good idea to write down the possible causes for the challenge that you are now facing. This will require analyzing the data you have collected, thinking about what this data means, deciding what it is you want and what you do not want, and narrowing down the challenge or problem to single points of causation (Pokras, 1989). Once you have narrowed the scope of the challenge or problem down to a manageable level you are now ready for step three-analyzing the cause of the problem. Really what takes place in step three is taking the time to analyze actions that were taken that resulted in there being a challenge or problem that you are now facing. This is can be accomplished by doing some type of cause and effect diagram that will give you the ability to visually comprehend what happened. Usually when we can clearly see where we went wrong we have that aha moment. Now that you have identified, defined, and analyzed the challenge or problem, what do you do now? Here is where the real work begins because many people can tell you what their problem is but they have a hard time doing something to change their situation. Step four requires you to make a decision to do something by exploring possible solutions to the challenge. Niven (2005) suggest developing a strategy or plan that allows you to decide what you need to change to overcome the challenge or the problem. This step is an important step because it takes a desire to succeed to overcome the challenge or problem and no one can instill in you the desire to change. This desire must come from within but will not happen until you make up in your mind what you want out of life, how you want your life to be, what you need to survive, and what it is you need to change to overcome your challenge or problem. Making the decision that you must change and that you have the power to make that change is difficult but can be the most rewarding thing you can do. In step five you will discover that after the decision is made that you want to change you can now actually decide to solve your problem. This step will require deciding on your criteria for success, deciding what your goals will be, establishing priorities, defining objectives, and taking responsibility for improving your own life (Cohen, Jacobs, Quintessenza, Chai, and Ungerleider, 2007). The most important tool in this step is writing an action plan including the aforementioned elements along with your vision for your life, your mission in life, and your personal philosophy or strategy for living your life (Niven, 2005). This plan must be written in a manner that allows you to measure your progress toward overcoming your challenge or problem. Part of your plan, for example, may involve getting a mentor, a person to serve as a role model, or setting up a support system (Cohen et al, 2007) by a certain date to fully implement your plan. Once you have established your plan you are ready to move onto the final step. The last step to overcoming challenges involves taking action . Implementation of your action plan will be the most critical part of you being successful in overcoming your challenge. This will require your total commitment, dedication, involvement and perseverance to achieve success. You ust remember that the best laid plans will not solve your problems if you do not do something to put them into motion, prepare yourself to deal with the unexpected, and be ready to make the little changes necessary to your plan to reach your goals. If you carry out the six steps of identifying the challenge or problem, defining the problem, analyzing the cause of the problem, exploring solutions to the problem, deciding to solve the problem, and taking action to overcome the problem (Pokras, 1989) you will begin to make progress to overcoming your challenges. How to cite Six Steps to Learning How to Overcome Challenges in Your Life, Essays

Anylasis Disabled Wilfred Qown free essay sample

â€Å"Disabled† by Wilfred Owen is a reflective analysis on the experiences of a World War I solider. The poem effectively contrasts the current life of the solider to his past. Owen’s offers the poem as a personal statement on war and its effect on people. This poem ultimately makes an argument for the proper understanding, acceptance, and appreciation of veterans. As a solider himself, Owen’s sympathizes with the speaker and relates to his plight (Heath). Consequently, his background is reflected in â€Å"Disabled. † Wilfred Owen grew up with a Christian background. Although he studied to become a clergyman, he was often unsure of his religion. He joined the war at the age of 22. During the war, he saw the worst of the battlefield and began to write poetry to document his perspective on the war. In 1917, he was affected by an explosion and sent to a war hospital in England. We will write a custom essay sample on Anylasis Disabled Wilfred Qown or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Afterwards, he returned to service and died in battle in 1918 (â€Å"Poetry Foundation†). His biographical context is essential to understand Owen’s point of view for â€Å"Disabled. † To fully understand this poem, there is an implied assumption of knowledge regarding the facts of World War I, as well as knowledge into the amount of disabled veterans that resulted from the war. Wilfred Owen’s poem is essentially about a disabled veteran. He is sitting in the wheelchair, â€Å"waiting for the dark† (1). The dark creates a reference not only to the end of the day, but also to the end of life. As he sits, he listens to the sound of children playing. However, he is aware that soon these kids will be called home for bedtime. â€Å"Till gathering sleep had mothered them from him† (6). Again, he is alluding to the end of their lifeful sounds, as well as too the end of their consciousness. He continues on to reflect on the way his town used to be. — In the old times, before he threw away his knees† (10). Here, Owen makes a compelling choice in diction by selecting the words, â€Å"threw away. † He does not describe his loss as honorable or as a sacrifice to a just cause. Instead, he assigns the phrase a negative connotation and establishes that the loss of his legs was a waste. Owen discusses the aftermath of this injury in stating, â€Å"half his lifetime lapsed in the hot race† (19). The word â€Å"lapsed† is another way of saying expired or failed. Therefore, the speaker acknowledges that in losing his legs, he also lost a large portion of his life. Lapsed† could also be a play on the word â€Å"lap† making a comment on the race itself. The speaker could be observing that, because of his injury, the world is passing by and leaving him behind. In particular, the he reflects on the loss of female affection. The speaker thinks back to a day when he held women’s interests. He appears to be injured most by their rejection since his injury. â€Å"To-night he noticed how the women’s eyes / Passed from him to the strong men that were whole† (42-43). The speaker expresses feelings of inadequacy, helplessness, and weakness. This image conflicts with the view of how he imaged a solider would be. He had joined picturing that he would impress girls and appear strong and fearless. However, upon returning from war, he realized that he was not going to receive the warm welcome that he had initially imagined. â€Å"Some cheered him home, but not as crowds cheer Goal† (36). This line indicates that people were more enthusiastic and concerned about the athletes than they were soldiers. In the end, the speaker says, â€Å"How cold and late it is! Why don’t they come / And put him into bed? Why don’t they come? † (45-46). He is, in part, asking why the medical attendants are not coming to take care of him. However, he is also speaking about death. The speaker is waiting for death to arrive and to him, it is continually delayed. He is asking why death will not come and end his suffering. What finally is one to make of this poem? Overall, the poem should be interpreted as an argument for acknowledgment of disabled veterans. Owen’s is trying to show the struggles that these veterans are put through. He calls not only for respect, but also for understanding. â€Å"Disabled† was written with the intention of bringing the tragedies of war to light, and asking the public to acknowledge the sacrifices of the veterans.

Terrorism in Spain free essay sample

Although this eternal struggle between Spanish government and ETA seems endless, I will offer two ways that would help to solve this political international problem, but first let’s know a little more about ETA’s origin. ETA was funded based on the PVN (Basque Nationalist Party) socialist ideology, but with different ways to act. Both organizations have the same objective: to liberate Euskal Herria, that is located in the western  Pyrenees  that extends the border between Spain and France  on the  Atlantic  coast (Bowen 163); however, ETA and PVN differ in the ways to reach their objective.While ETA uses the violence as the main â€Å"weapon†, PVN looks forward to gain autonomy from Spain through government presence. Since 1968, when their first terrorist attack happened, ETA has killed more than 800 people (â€Å"Hint†). Moreover, their most important terrorist attack occurred in December 1973, when Luis Carrero Blanco, primer minister successor of Franco, was assassinated in Madrid by four members of ETA (Barros 97). We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism in Spain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now that we are informed about this terrorist organization, I’ll develop my first solution. In the last 19 years ETA has lost power and it doesn’t have the support from the Euska Herria’s people. As a consequence, ETA announced a cease-fire in 2006, which ended nine months later after a terrorist attack at Madrid Airport. As a result, some leaders were arrested, the organization lost support, and started to crack from the inside (Cutts). Therefore, my first solution that I’ll offer is about to sign peace treaties with the different entities from Euska Herria that no longer support ETA; consequently, ETA would feel weakened and would finally cease fire. In fact, after PVN decided to separate from ETA due to some ideological differences, Spain’s primer minister Jose Luis RodriguezZapatero has started to communicate with PVN leader Inigo Urkullu, to create an union against Basque’s terrorism, pointing out that â€Å"creates a basis for peace† (qtd. in â€Å"Verge†). This union is the first step to debilitate ETA. Also, the PP (Spain Popular Party) which politics are totally against Zapatero, observes that starting a peace process will weaken ET A, and it would probably put an end to 40 years of violent conflict. Thus, ETA will have to drop all political conditions and disarm, so there is no doubt of its disintegration as a terrorist organization.However, ETA has never given up even if their members feel that they doesn’t have the support to continue; hence, I’ll offer another solution that has more effectiveness since it is based on similar previous events. In the previous paragraph, the solution mentioned involves a several quantity of steps to finally reach the results desired. However, letting a Basque Country national party enjoy in the next elections to have presence in the national parliament, is a solution that has more impact on ETA.Based on facts that in 2000 a Basque political party, named Aralar, made its way to the Spanish parliament, and it provoke a rupture in ETA’s organization (â€Å"Spain politics†), I’m going to develop my second solution. In the last February, another political party belonging to the Basque Nationalist was founded. This party clearly rejects ETA’s violence, which only objective is to gain presence in the Spanish parliament, and through this way represent the Basque Country. It is a fair point since we know that democracy is the only pacifist way to obtain what the Basque Country wants.

Writing Term Paper Vs Research Paper

Writing Term Paper Vs Research PaperAs the title of this article might suggest, here we are going to discuss how to write a term paper or research paper. It might be a little difficult at first, but after you've done it a few times, you'll find it's easy enough that anyone can do it.Many times when writing a paper you'll think that it's going to be too much work for you. But, if you start out with the right attitude and have a clear idea in your head, it's not as hard as you might think.The biggest difference between a term paper and a research paper is that in a term paper you get to write an outline, and a lot more is left up to you to do. You're allowed to jump around and write things you find interesting, or if you feel like you need a general idea. In a research paper though, there is less room for you to let your ideas run wild.First off, you need to decide whether you want to write a term paper or research paper. If you're a big-time student, the term paper is a better option. This will save you a ton of time because you'll only need to get one or two papers done each semester. You won't have to turn in any research papers each semester either.If you're a first timer to the world of term papers and research papers, then you might want to give the research paper a shot. It will allow you to get some of your ideas written down as well as develop an outline so you don't have to wing it.When you're writing a research paper, you need to make sure that you actually understand everything you're doing before you continue. You also need to remember that you can only write about the subjects in the study that you're doing, you'd write about things that happened to you.A good research paper will be able to tell you why something happened, and where it fits into the larger picture. Your term paper will be able to give you a good general idea of what you should do next, and where to go from there.To sum it up, both term paper and research paper are great ways to get some good ideas written down for future use. If you're a first timer, it may be better to start out writing a term paper, especially if you don't know what you're doing. Then, as you become more comfortable with the writing process, you can move on to a research paper.

How to Use Media Platforms to Promote Editing Services For College Academic Paper

How to Use Media Platforms to Promote Editing Services For College Academic PaperTo have a successful academic paper, there are several good media platforms that should be used. With these platforms one is able to present his or her paper in a credible manner and this will help the student score high marks in the competition. For a good academic paper there are some highly effective tools that must be used.They are e-newsletters, news radio shows, online news portals, social networking sites, e-magazines and well-known news portals. Each of these is widely used by both academe and the mass audience. One should take utmost care in selecting the best platform to promote editing services for college academic paper.The media platform should be chosen based on its medium choice. An e-newsletter is chosen as the medium because it helps in spreading the news across the world within few hours. This way it makes sure that the message is read and understood by almost everyone. The contents of an e-newsletter must be short and simple and make a point to cover all the important topics.News radio shows are another media platform that can be very useful for the students who have no time to attend a lecture in classrooms. With the use of media platforms to promote editing services for college academic paper the student gets to meet different personalities and share their views. It also helps in encouraging people to take an interest in their subject matter and helps them write in a more engaging way.Social networking sites are another media platform that help in promoting a cause in a very good sound proof. If a student has great news to spread, he can easily go on to these sites and write in such a way that they attract people who visit such sites. There are thousands of users in such sites who will talk about their own unique ideas and what they think of the subject matter of the paper.This helps in providing valuable information to the readers. The more users who are talki ng about the same issue the better and the more people who take interest in the same cause the better. Social networking sites are widely used by academics in the form of media platforms to promote editing services for college academic paper.One can also choose to print news that can be picked up from magazines that can be picked up from online journals. But an advantage with this method is that the print medium choice is limited and the internet readership is huge. Another advantage is that it is a form of promotion that is very effective as the contents are displayed in newspapers and magazines.E-magazines also help in presenting the contents of the magazine in print form of medium choice also depends on the nature of the paper that has to be printed. No matter what medium a student chooses to promote his or her editing services for college academic paper the important thing is that one must make sure that the content is very informative and creates interest in the readers. The ob jective is to convince the readers about the importance of the issue in the paper.

Research Paper Topics - Why Not Focus On The Real Problem?

Research Paper Topics - Why Not Focus On The Real Problem?It is almost impossible to run an essay on sports injuries without thinking of your subject from an extreme perspective. There are very few things in the world that are as painful, expensive, and debilitating as a sports injury. Unfortunately, this is what happens when people are too focused on these sports injuries and forget about the bigger picture.In my opinion, sports injuries are not the greatest concern in the world. That is to say, they should not be such a major part of any research paper. While this is a relatively unpopular viewpoint, it is simply because most people focus on the wrong causes. The only way to come to any such conclusion is to first understand the bigger picture.The thing about personal injury is that it comes in two forms. First, there is the injury itself. Injuries can be traumatic enough to make a person think twice about playing their sport again or considering their sport in the future.For examp le, a major injury can be experienced during a play. A catastrophic injury can last a lifetime and can prevent a person from ever playing their sport again. This could be caused by bone breaks, torn ligaments, torn muscles, spinal cord trauma, and even paralysis.Then there is the more serious sports injury. There is the trauma caused by an accident, the pain, the time off from work, and the long term effects that can follow the trauma. Again, while the effects are real, they are often ignored by people who are not emotionally damaged by the event.Perhaps the most important reason to shy away from sports injury in a research paper topics sports injuries is the politics involved. First, if we put too much emphasis on sports injuries, then we are going to make it difficult for people to identify with sports and to continue them. People get injured in activities and go back to their normal routine after a period of time because they don't want to be identified as athletes.When there is a personal injury, they often decide to remain in their comfort zone. They may take a hiatus in their work and engage in other hobbies and activities, but still stick to the sports that they are familiar with. This can cause a snowball effect, as the people who do not participate in sports gradually get squeezed out of the sport by those who do.Therefore, focus on the bigger picture before you start putting sports injuries into your research paper topics. After all, you want to inform the reader about sports injuries so that they can make informed decisions as to whether or not they want to continue with their chosen sports.

Research Topics For Climate Change Articles

Research Topics For Climate Change ArticlesIt is obvious that research topics for a climate change article are very specific, as it would be detrimental to write such content with a broad perspective. This is to say that these topics should be broad enough to define the scientific factors in a well-researched paper and also sufficient to prove how the climatic changes will affect an area.For example, many topics have been proposed for climate change research articles, and that these include such things as eutrophication, productivity, carbon sequestration, reforestation, glacier melt, or water storage. When writing a climate change paper, the writing style should be suitable to discuss climate issues in an adequate manner. As research topics for a climate change article you can consider some of the following guidelines:First of all, the articles are supposed to support the facts and interpretation in the paper. These topics would be too long and would not be readable, thus, this is t he first factor to consider when setting out the topic for your paper. Make sure that you research thoroughly on all aspects of the topic so that you can support the argument in the paper.Next, the study population is another factor to take into consideration. Just like the problems faced by humans at the moment of this disaster are different from the ones they have in their very own countries, the problems faced by the study population are different as well. Therefore, make sure that you determine the population of the area that you intend to study and go from there.Then the time of the year is another factor to look into, as the weather in an area may cause a lot of change in the daily activities of the study population. It is important to understand how the changing weather affects the people living in an area so that you can use the correct data when compiling your findings for the paper.In addition to these factors, there are many other topics that can be written for your resea rch paper, as you do not have to consider everything. Just go through them and pick the best one for your paper.Do not be surprised if the topic that you picked does not work for your research; in fact, you might want to consider changing it, as you will need additional factors in your paper that would contribute more to the topic. For example, if you have too much to talk about, you might want to change it to fit your topic.

AP Lit Vocab Essays

AP Lit Vocab Essays AP Lit Vocab Paper AP Lit Vocab Paper Essay Topic: A Raisin in the Sun A. E. Housman Poems Anne Sexton Poems Christina Rossetti Poems Elizabeth Bishop Poems Ezra Pound Poems George Herbert Poems Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Poems Jonathan Swift Poems Keats Poems and Letters Lycidas Phillis Wheatley Poems Poes Poetry Poes Short Stories Poetry Seamus Heaney Poems The Complete Poems of William Blake The Convergence Of the Twain The Faerie Queene The Poetry of Dh Lawrence The Poetry Of Robert Penn Warren The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The Sonnets of John Milton Thomas Gray Poems Thomas Hardy Poems Wallace Stevens Poems William Carlos Williams Poems Accentual Verse Verse whose meter is determined by the number of stressed (accented) syllables- regardless of the total number of syllables- in each line. Many Old English poems, including Beowulf, are accentual; see Ezra Pounds modern translation of The Seafarer. More recently, Richard Wilbur employed this same Anglo-Saxon meter in his poem Junk. Traditional nursery rhymes, such as Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, are often accentual. Accentual-Syllabic Verse Verse whose meter is determined by the number and alternation of its stressed and unstressed syllables, organized into feet. From line to line, the number of stresses (accents) may vary, but the total number of syllables within each line is fixed. The majority of English poems from the Renaissance to the 19th century are written according to this metrical system. Alexandrine In English, a 12-syllable iambic line adapted from French heroic verse. The last line of each stanza in Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain and Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark is an alexandrine. Allegory An extended metaphor in which the characters, places, and objects in a narrative carry figurative meaning. Often an allegorys meaning is religious, moral, or historical in nature. John Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress and Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene are two major allegorical works in English. Alliteration The repetition of initial stressed, consonant sounds in a series of words within a phrase or verse line. Alliteration need not reuse all initial consonants; pizza and place alliterate. Example: We saw the sea sound sing, we heard the salt sheet tell, from Dylan Thomass Lie Still, Sleep Becalmed. Browse poems with alliteration. Allusion A brief, intentional reference to a historical, mythic, or literary person, place, event, or movement. The Waste Land, T. S. Eliots influential long poem is dense with allusions. The title of Seamus Heaneys autobiographical poem Singing School alludes to a line from W.B. Yeatss Sailing to Byzantium (Nor is there singing school but studying /Monuments of its own magnificence). Browse poems with allusions. Anapest A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable. The words underfoot and overcome are anapestic. Lord Byrons The Destruction of Sennacherib is written in anapestic meter. Anaphora The repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. See Paul Muldoons As, William Blakes The Tyger, or much of Walt Whitmans poetry, including I Sing the Body Electric. Anthropomorphism A form of personification in which human qualities are attributed to anything inhuman, usually a god, animal, object, or concept. In Vachel Lindsays What the Rattlesnake Said, for example, a snake describes the fears of his imagined prey. John Keats admires a stars loving watchfulness (with eternal lids apart) in his sonnet Bright Star, Would I Were as Steadfast as Thou Art. Apostrophe An address to a dead or absent person, or personification as if he or she were present. In his Holy Sonnet Death, be not proud, John Donne denies deaths power by directly admonishing it. Emily Dickinson addresses her absent object of passion in Wild nights!- Wild nights! Archetype A basic model from which copies are made; a prototype. According to psychologist Carl Jung, archetypes emerge in literature from the collective unconscious of the human race. Northrop Frye, in his Anatomy of Criticism, explores archetypes as the symbolic patterns that recur within the world of literature itself. In both approaches, archetypical themes include birth, death, sibling rivalry, and the individual versus society. Archetypes may also be images or characters, such as the hero, the lover, the wanderer, or the matriarch. Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds without repeating consonants; sometimes called vowel rhyme. See Amy Lowells In a Garden (With its leaping, and deep, cool murmur) or The Taxi (And shout into the ridges of the wind). Browse poems with assonance. Aubade A love poem or song welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. The form originated in medieval France. See John Donnes The Sun Rising and Louise Bogans Leave-Taking. Browse more aubade poems. Ballad A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating fours of this literary ballad form include John Keatss La Belle Dame sans Merci, Thomas Hardys During Wind and Rain, and Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. Browse more ballads. Blank verse Unrhyming iambic pentameter, also called heroic verse. This 10-syllable line is the predominant rhythm of traditional English dramatic and epic poetry, as it is considered the closest to English speech patterns. Poems such as John Miltons Paradise Lost, Robert Brownings dramatic monologues, and Wallace Stevenss Sunday Morning, are written predominantly in blank verse. Browse more blank verse poems. Cacophony Harsh or discordant word sounds; the opposite of euphony. See dissonance. Cadence The patterning of rhythm in natural speech, or in poetry without a distinct meter (i.e., free verse). Caesura A stop or pause in a metrical line, often marked by punctuation or by a grammatical boundary, such as a phrase or clause. A medial caesura splits the line in equal parts, as is common in Old English poetry (see Beowulf). Medial caesurae (plural of caesura) can be found throughout contemporary poet Derek Walcotts The Bounty. When the pause occurs toward the beginning or end of the line, it is termed, respectively, initial or terminal. Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Mother and Poet contains both initial (Dead! One of them shot by sea in the east) and terminal caesurae (No voice says My mother again to me. What?) Canon A list of authors or works considered to be central to the identity of a given literary tradition or culture. This secular use of the word is derived from its original meaning as a listing of all authorized books in the Bible. William Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Blake are frequently found on lists of canonical literature in English. Canto A long subsection of an epic or long narrative poem, such as Dante Alighieris Commedia (The Divine Comedy), first employed in English by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene. Other examples include Lord Byrons Don Juan and Ezra Pounds Cantos. Chiasmus Repetition of any group of verse elements (including rhyme and grammatical structure) in reverse order, such as the rhyme scheme ABBA. Examples can be found in Biblical scripture (But many that are first / Shall be last, / And many that are last / Shall be first; Matthew 19:30). See also John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn (Beauty is truth, truth beauty). Circumlocution A roundabout wording, such as Samuel Taylor Coleridges twice five miles of fertile ground (i.e., 10 miles) in Kubla Khan. Also known as periphrasis. Common Measure A quatrain that rhymes ABAB and alternates four-stress and three-stress iambic lines. It is the meter of the hymn and the ballad. Many of Emily Dickinsons poems are written in common measure, including [It was not death, for I stood up]. See also Robert Haydens The Ballad of Nat Turner and Elinor Wylies A Crowded Trolley Car. See also Poulters measure and fourteener. Browse more common measure poems. Complaint A poem of lament, often directed at an ill-fated love, as in Henry Howards Complaint of the Absence of Her Love Being upon the Sea, or Sir Philip Sidneys Astrophel and Stella XXXI. A complaint may also be a satiric attack on social injustice and immorality; in The Lie, Sir Walter Ralegh bitterly rails against institutional hypocrisy and human vanity (Tell men of high condition, / That manage the estate, / Their purpose is ambition, / Their practice only hate.). Conceit From the Latin term for concept, a poetic conceit is an often unconventional, logically complex, or surprising metaphor whose delights are more intellectual than sensual. Petrarchan (after the Italian poet Petrarch) conceits figure heavily in sonnets, and contrast more conventional sensual imagery to describe the experience of love. In Shakespeares Sonnet XCVII: How like a Winter hath my Absence been, for example, What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! laments the lover, though his separation takes place in the fertile days of summer and fall. Less conventional, more esoteric associations characterize the metaphysical conceit. John Donne and other so-called metaphysical poets [link to glossary term] used conceits to fuse the sensory and the abstract, trading on the element of surprise and unlikeness to hold the readers attention. In A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, for instance, John Donne envisions two entwined lovers as the points of a compass. (For more on Donnes conceits, see Stephen Burts Poem Guide on John Donnes The Sun Rising.) Concrete poetry Verse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that creates a visual image of the topic. Examples include George Herberts Easter Wings and The Altar and George Starbucks Poem in the Shape of a Potted Christmas Tree. Browse more concrete poems. Confessional poetry Vividly self-revelatory verse associated with a number of American poets writing in the 1950s and 1960s, including Robert Lowell, W.D. Snodgrass, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and John Berryman. The term was first used by M.L. Rosenthal in a 1959 review of Life Studies, the collection in which Robert Lowell revealed his struggles with mental illness and a troubled marriage. Read an interview with Snodgrass in which he addresses his work and the work of others associated with confessionalism. Browse more poets who wrote confessional poems. Connotation there was a connotation of distrust in his voice: overtone, undertone, undercurrent, implication, hidden meaning, nuance, hint, echo, vibrations, association, intimation, suggestion, suspicion, insinuation. Consonance A resemblance in sound between two words, or an initial rhyme (see also Alliteration). Consonance can also refer to shared consonants, whether in sequence (bed and bad) or reversed (bud and dab). Browse poems with consonance. Controlling metaphor controlling metaphors: Metaphors that dominate or organize an entire poem. For example, metaphors of movement structure John Donne ´s A Valediction Forbidding Mourning (1633). couplet couplet: A pair of lines, almost always rhyming, that form a unit. dactyl A metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables; the words poetry and basketball are both dactylic. Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade is written in dactylic meter. (See also double dactyl.) dead metaphor A dead metaphor is a metaphor which has lost the original imagery of its meaning owing to extensive, repetitive popular usage. flowerbed head teacher forerunner to run for office to lose face to lend a hand to broadcast pilot originally meant the rudder of a boat. flair originally meant a sweet smell. a computer mouse denotation denotation: The direct and literal meaning of a word or phrase (as distinct from its implication). Compare connotation. dimeter A line of verse composed of two feet. Some go local / Some go express / Some cant wait / To answer Yes, writes Muriel Rukeyser in her poem Yes, in which the dimeter line predominates. Kay Ryans Blandeur contains this series of mostly dimeter lines: Even out Earths rondure, flatten Eiger, blanden the Grand Canyon. Make valleys slightly higher, widen fissures to arable land, remand your terrible glaciers dirge A brief hymn or song of lamentation and grief; it was typically composed to be performed at a funeral. In lyric poetry, a dirge tends to be shorter and less meditative than an elegy. See Christina Rossettis A Dirge and Sir Philip Sidneys Ring Out Your Bells. dissonance A disruption of harmonic sounds or rhythms. Like cacophony, it refers to a harsh collection of sounds; dissonance is usually intentional, however, and depends more on the organization of sound for a jarring effect, rather than on the unpleasantness of individual words. Gerard Manley Hopkinss use of fixed stresses and variable unstressed syllables, combined with frequent assonance, consonance, and monosyllabic words, has a dissonant effect. See these lines from Carrion Comfort: Why? That my chaff might fly; my grain lie, sheer and clear. Nay in all that toil, that coil, since (seems) I kissed the rod, Hand rather, my heart lo! lapped strength, stole joy, would laugh, cheer. doggerel Bad verse traditionally characterized by clichà ©s, clumsiness, and irregular meter. It is often unintentionally humorous. The giftedly bad William McGonagall was an accomplished doggerelist, as demonstrated in The Tay Bridge Disaster: It must have been an awful sight, To witness in the dusky moonlight, While the Storm Fiend did laugh, and angry did bray, Along the Railway Bridge of the Silvry Tay, Oh! ill-fated Bridge of the Silvry Tay, I must now conclude my lay By telling the world fearlessly without the least dismay, That your central girders would not have given way, At least many sensible men do say, Had they been supported on each side with buttresses, At least many sensible men confesses, For the stronger we our houses do build, The less chance we have of being killed. dramatic monologue A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader. Examples include Robert Brownings My Last Duchess, T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and Ais Killing Floor. A lyric may also be addressed to someone, but it is short and songlike and may appear to address either the reader or the poet. Browse more dramatic monologue poems. elegy In traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that laments its subjects death but ends in consolation. Examples include John Miltons Lycidas; Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam; and Walt Whitmans When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd. More recently, Peter Sacks has elegized his father in Natal Command, and Mary Jo Bang has written You Were You Are Elegy and other poems for her son. In the 18th century the elegiac stanza emerged, though its use has not been exclusive to elegies. It is a quatrain with the rhyme scheme ABAB written in iambic pentameter. Browse more elegies. elision The omission of unstressed syllables (e.g., ere for ever, tother for the other), usually to fit a metrical scheme. What dire offence from amrous causes springs, goes the first line of Alexander Popes The Rape of the Lock, in which amorous is elided to amrous to establish the pentameter (five-foot) line. ellipsis In poetry, the omission of words whose absence does not impede the readers ability to understand the expression. For example, Shakespeare makes frequent use of the phrase I will away in his plays, with the missing verb understood to be go. T.S. Eliot employs ellipsis in the following passage from Preludes: You curled the papers from your hair, Or clasped the yellow soles of feet In the palms of both soiled hands. The possessive your is left out in the second and third lines, but it can be assumed that the woman addressed by the speaker is clasping the soles of her own feet with her own hands. end-stopped A metrical line ending at a grammatical boundary or break- such as a dash or closing parenthesis- or with punctuation such as a colon, a semicolon, or a period. A line is considered end-stopped, too, if it contains a complete phrase. Many of Alexander Popes couplets are end-stopped, as in this passage from An Essay on Man: Epistle I: Then say not mans imperfect, Heavn in fault; Say rather, mans as perfect as he ought: His knowledge measurd to his state and place, His time a moment, and a point his space. If to be perfect in a certain sphere, What matter, soon or late, or here or there? The blest today is as completely so, As who began a thousand years ago. The opposite of an end-stopped line is an enjambed line. enjambment The running-over of a sentence or phrase from one poetic line to the next, without terminal punctuation; the opposite of end-stopped. William Carlos Williamss Between Walls is one sentence broken into 10 enjambed lines: the back wings of the hospital where nothing will grow lie cinders in which shine the broken pieces of a green bottle epic A long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or historical significance. Notable English epics include Beowulf, Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene (which follows the virtuous exploits of 12 knights in the service of the mythical King Arthur), and John Miltons Paradise Lost, which dramatizes Satans fall from Heaven and humankinds subsequent alienation from God in the Garden of Eden. epigram A pithy, often witty, poem. See Walter Savage Landors Dirce, [link to archived poem] Ben Jonsons On Gut, [link to archived poem] or much of the work of J.V. Cunningham [link to poet page]: This Humanist whom no beliefs constrained Grew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained. epigraph A quotation from another literary work that is placed beneath the title at the beginning of a poem or section of a poem. For example, Grace Schulmans American Solitude opens with a quote from an essay by Marianne Moore. Lines from Phillis Wheatleys On Being Brought from Africa to America preface Alfred Corns Sugar Cane. epitaph A short poem intended for (or imagined as) an inscription on a tombstone and often serving as a brief elegy. See Robert Herricks Upon a Child That Died and Upon Ben Jonson; Ben Jonsons Epitaph on Elizabeth, L. H.; and Epitaph for a Romantic Woman by Louise Bogan. figure of speech An expressive, nonliteral use of language. Figures of speech include tropes (such as hyperbole, irony, metaphor, and simile) and schemes (anything involving the ordering and organizing of words- anaphora, antithesis, and chiasmus, for example). Browse all terms related to figures of speech. figurative language Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using figurative language. Simile A simile uses the words like or as to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike. Example: busy as a bee Metaphor The metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison. A simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive it says you are something. Example: You are what you eat. Personification A figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object. Example: My teddy bear gave me a hug. Alliteration The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words. Alliteration includes tongue twisters. Example: She sells seashells by the seashore. Onomatopoeia The use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound made by an object or an action. Example: snap crackle pop Hyperbole An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. Tall tales are hyperboles. Example: He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all. Idioms According to Websters Dictionary, an idiom is defined as: peculiar to itself either grammatically (as no, it wasnt me) or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements. Example: Monday week for the Monday a week after next Monday Clichà ©s A clichà © is an expression that has been used so often that it has become trite and sometimes boring. Example: Many hands make light work. foot The basic unit of measurement of accentual-syllabic meter. A foot usually contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable. The standard types of feet in English poetry are the iamb, trochee, dactyl, anapest, spondee, and pyrrhic (two unstressed syllables) found poem A prose text or texts reshaped by a poet into quasi-metrical lines. Fragments of found poetry may appear within an original poem as well. Portions of Ezra Pounds Cantos are found poetry, culled from historical letters and government documents. Charles Olson created his poem There Was a Youth whose Name Was Thomas Granger using a report from William Bradfords History of Plymouth Plantation. free verse Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a metrical plan in their composition. Matthew Arnold and Walt Whitman explored the possibilities of nonmetrical poetry in the 19th century. Since the early 20th century, the majority of published lyric poetry has been written in free verse. See the work of William Carlos Williams, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and H.D. Browse more free-verse poems. haiku A Japanese verse form of three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables. It creates a single, memorable image, as in these lines by Kobayashi Issa, translated by Jane Hirshfield: On a branch floating downriver a cricket, singing. (In translating from Japanese to English, Hirshfield compresses the number of syllables.) See also Three Haiku, Two Tanka by Philip Appleman and Robert Hasss After the Gentle Poet Kobayashi Issa. The Imagist poets of the early 20th century, including Ezra Pound and H.D., showed appreciation for the forms linguistic and sensory economy; Pounds In a Station of the Metro embodies the spirit of haiku. Browse more haiku. heptameter A meter made up of seven feet and usually 14 syllables total (see Fourteener). George Chapmans translation of Homers the Iliad is written in heptameter, as is Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. See also Poulters measure. hexameter A metrical line of six feet, most often dactylic, and found in Classical Latin or Greek poetry, including Homers Iliad. In English, an iambic hexameter line is also known as an alexandrine. Only a few poets have written in dactylic hexameter, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in the long poem Evangeline: hymn A poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were written between the 17th and 19th centuries. See Isaac Wattss Our God, Our Help, Charles Wesleys My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine, and Thou Hidden Love of God by John Wesley. hyperbole A figure of speech composed of a striking exaggeration. For example, see James Tates lines She scorched you with her radiance or He was more wronged than Job. Hyperbole usually carries the force of strong emotion iamb A metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. The words unite and provide are both iambic. It is the most common meter of poetry in English (including all the plays and poems of William Shakespeare), as it is closest to the rhythms of English speech. In Robert Frosts After Apple Picking the iamb is the vehicle for the natural, colloquial speech pattern: My long two-pointed ladders sticking through a tree Toward heaven still, And theres a barrel that I didnt fill Beside it, and there may be two or three Apples I didnt pick upon some bough. But I am done with apple-picking now. Essence of winter sleep is on the night, The scent of apples: I am drowsing off. imagery (sensory) Describing words! internal rhyme In poetry, internal rhyme, or middle rhyme, is rhyme that occurs within a single line of verse.[1] irony As a literary device, irony implies a distance between what is said and what is meant. Based on the context, the reader is able to see the implied meaning in spite of the contradiction. When William Shakespeare relates in detail how his lover suffers in comparison with the beauty of nature in My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun, it is understood that he is elevating her beyond these comparisons; considering her essence as a whole, and what she means to the speaker, she is more beautiful than nature. (titantic beauty vs. worms) italian sonnet Italian sonnet: An octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines); typically rhymed abbaabba cdecde, it has many variations that still reflect the basic division into two parts separated by a rhetorical turn of argument (e.g., see Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Sonnets from the Portuguese [1850]). lyric poetry Lyric poems typically express personal or emotional feelings and is traditionally the home of the present tense.[1] They have specific rhyming schemes and are often, but not always, set to music or a beat lyricism An artists expression of emotion in an imaginative and beautiful way; the quality of being lyrical. kenning A figurative compound word that takes the place of an ordinary noun. It is found frequently in Old Germanic, Norse, and English poetry, including The Seafarer, in which the ocean is called a whale-path. (See Ezra Pounds translation) light verse Whimsical poems taking forms such as limericks, nonsense poems, and double dactyls. See Edward Lears The Owl and the Pussy-Cat and Lewis Carrolls The Walrus and the Carpenter. Other masters of light verse include Dorothy Parker, G.K. Chesterton, John Hollander, and Wendy Cope. limerick A fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA. Edward Lear, who popularized the form, fused the third and fourth lines into a single line with internal rhyme. Limericks are traditionally bawdy or just irreverent; see A Young Lady of Lynn or Lears There was an Old Man with a Beard. Browse more limericks. metaphor A comparison that is made directly (for example, John Keatss Beauty is truth, truth beauty from Ode on a Grecian Urn) or less directly (for example, Shakespeares marriage of two minds), but in any case without pointing out a similarity by using words such as like, as, or than. See Sylvia Plaths description of her dead father as Marble-heavy, a bag full of God in Daddy, or Emily Dickinsons Hope is the thing with feathers- / That perches in the soul- . Browse poems with developed metaphors. meter The rhythmical pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. The predominant meter in English poetry is accentual-syllabic. See also accentual meter, syllabic meter, and quantitative meter. Falling meter refers to trochees and dactyls (i.e., a stressed syllable followed by one or two unstressed syllables). Iambs and anapests (i.e., one or two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one) are called rising meter. See also foot. metonymy A figure of speech in which a related term is substituted for the word itself. Often the substitution is based on a material, causal, or conceptual relation between things. For example, the British monarchy is often referred to as the Crown. In the phrase lend me your ears, ears is substituted for attention. O, for a draught of vintage! exclaims the speaker in John Keatss Ode to Nightingale, with vintage understood to mean wine. Synecdoche is closely related to metonymy. motif A central or recurring image or action in a literary work that is shared by other works and may serve an overall theme. For example, the repeated questions of an ubi sunt poem compose a motif of the fleeting nature of life. Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and John Bunyans A Pilgrims Progress both feature the motif of a long journey. Motifs are sometimes described as expressions of a collective unconsciousness; see archetype. narrative poem Poetry that tells a story and is primarily characterized by linear, chronological description. negative capability A theory of John Keats, who suggested in one of his famous letters that a great thinker is capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason. A poet, then, has the power to bury self-consciousness, dwell in a state of openness to all experience, and identify with the object contemplated. See Keatss To Autumn. The inspirational power of beauty, according to Keats, is more important than the quest for objective fact; as he writes in his Ode on a Grecian Urn, Beauty is truth, truth beauty- that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. objective correlative T.S. Eliot used this phrase to describe a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion that the poet feels and hopes to evoke in the reader (Hamlet, 1919). There must be a positive connection between the emotion the poet is trying to express and the object, image, or situation in the poem that helps to convey that emotion to the reader. Eliot thus determined that Shakespeares play Hamlet was an artistic failure because Hamlets intense emotions overwhelmed the authors attempts to express them through an objective correlative. In other words, Eliot felt that Shakespeare was unable to provoke the audience to feel as Prince Hamlet did through images, actions, and characters, and instead only inadequately described his emotional state through the plays dialogue. Eliots theory of the objective correlative is closely related to the Imagist movement. objectivism A term coined by William Carlos Williams in 1930 that developed from his reading of Alfred North Whiteheads Science and the Modern World. He described it as looking at a poem with a special eye to its structural aspects, how it has been constructed. Louis Zukofsky expanded the term and attempted to articulate its principles when he guest-edited the February 1931 issue of Poetry. He included Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, and Carl Rakosi. Later, the poet Lorine Niedecker was closely associated with this movement. These objectivist poets, Zukofsky noted, were Imagists rather than Symbolists; they were concerned with creating a poetic structure that could be perceived as a whole, rather than a series of imprecise but evocative images. For more on objectivism, read Peter OLearys feature, The Energies of Words. Browse Objectivist poets. occasional poem A poem written to describe or comment on a particular event and often written for a public reading. Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade commemorates a disastrous battle in the Crimean War. George Starbuck wrote Of Late after reading a newspaper account of a Vietnam War protesters suicide. Elizabeth Alexanders Praise Song for the Day was written for the inauguration of President Barack Obama. See also elegy, epithalamion, and ode. octave An eight-line stanza or poem. See ottava rima and triolet. The first eight lines of an Italian or Petrarchan sonnet are also called an octave. ode A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Its stanza forms vary. The Greek or Pindaric (Pindar, ca. 552-442 B.C.E.) ode was a public poem, usually set to music, that celebrated athletic victories. (See Stephen Burts article And the Winner Is . . . Pindar!) English odes written in the Pindaric tradition include Thomas Grays The Progress of Poesy: A Pindaric Ode and William Wordsworths Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Reflections of Early Childhood. Horatian odes, after the Latin poet Horace (65-8 B.C.E.), were written in quatrains in a more philosophical, contemplative manner; see Andrew Marvells Horatian Ode upon Cromwells Return from Ireland. The Sapphic ode consists of quatrains, three 11-syllable lines, and a final five-syllable line, unrhyming but with a strict meter. See Algernon Charles Swinburnes Sapphics. The odes of the English Romantic poets vary in stanza form. They often address an intense emotion at the onset of a personal crisis (see Samuel Taylor Coleridges Dejection: An Ode,) or celebrate an object or image that leads to revelation (see John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, and To Autumn). Browse more odes. onomatopoeia A figure of speech in which the sound of a word imitates its sense (for example, choo-choo, hiss, or buzz). In Piano, D.H. Lawrence describes the boom of the tingling strings as his mother played the piano, mimicking the volume and resonance of the sound (boom) as well as the fine, high-pitched vibration of the strings that produced it (tingling strings) ottava rima Originally an Italian stanza of eight 11-syllable lines, with a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC. Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the form in English, and Lord Byron adapted it to a 10-syllable line for his mock-epic Don Juan. W.B. Yeats used it for Among School Children and Sailing to Byzantium. Browse more ottava rima poems. panegyric A poem of effusive praise. Its origins are Greek, and it is closely related to the eulogy and the ode. See Ben Jonsons To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare or Anne Bradstreets In Honor of That High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth. paradox As a figure of speech, it is a seemingly self-contradictory phrase or concept that illuminates a truth. For instance, Wallace Stevens, in The Snow Man, describes the Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is. Alexander Pope, in An Essay on Man: Epistle II, describes Man as Great lord of all things, yet a prey to all. Paradox is related to oxymoron, which creates a new phrase or concept out of a contradiction. parody A comic imitation of another authors work or characteristic style. See Joan Murrays We Old Dudes, a parody of Gwendolyn Brookss We Real Cool. paraphrase summarize pastoral Verse in the tradition of Theocritus (3 BCE), who wrote idealized accounts of shepherds and their loves living simple, virtuous lives in Arcadia, a mountainous region of Greece. Poets writing in English drew on the pastoral tradition by retreating from the trappings of modernity to the imagined virtues and romance of rural life, as in Edmund Spensers The Shepheardes Calendar, Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, and Sir Walter Raleghs response, The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd. The pastoral poem faded after the European Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, but its themes persist in poems that romanticize rural life or reappraise the natural world; see Leonie Adamss Country Summer, Dylan Thomass Fern Hill, or Allen Ginsbergs Wales Visitation. Browse more pastoral poems. personification A figure of speech in which the poet describes an abstraction, a thing, or a nonhuman form as if it were a person. William Blakes O Rose, thou art sick! is one example; Donnes Death, be not proud is another. Gregory Corso quarrels with a series of personified abstractions in his poem The Whole Mess . . . Almost. Personification is often used in symbolic or allegorical poetry; for instance, the virtue of Justice takes the form of the knight Artegal in Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene. pathetic fallacy ascribes human, emotional qualities (feelings, thought, sensation) to inanimate objects, as if possessed of human awareness.[1] [2] As such, in the term pathetic fallacy, the word pathetic communicates feelings of two types, pathos (emotion) and empathy (capability of emotion). poetic device A poetic device is a language feature such as a simile, metaphor, pun etc. poetic devices or often called poetic methods can be a number of things used in a poem. Examples of poetic devices are. language, imagery, assonance, alliteration, metaphor, similie and there are many more. poetic inversion inversion, also called anastrophe, in literary style and rhetoric, the syntactic reversal of the normal order of the words and phrases in a sentence, as, in English, the placing of an adjective after the noun it modifies (the form divine), a verb before its subject (Came the dawn), or a noun preceding its preposition (worlds between). Inversion is most commonly used in poetry in which it may both satisfy the demands of the metre and achieve emphasis: In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure dome decree - (from Samuel Taylor Coleridges Kubla Khan) Inversion used simply for the sake of maintaining a rhyme scheme is considered a literary defect, although it is a common convention in folk ballads: quatrain A four-line stanza, rhyming -ABAC or ABCB (known as unbounded or ballad quatrain), as in Samuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. -AABB (a double couplet); see A.E. Housmans To an Athlete Dying Young. -ABAB (known as interlaced, alternate, or heroic), as in Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard or Sadie and Maud by Gwendolyn Brooks. -ABBA (known as envelope or enclosed), as in Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam or John Ciardis Most Like an Arch This Marriage. -AABA, the stanza of Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. refrain A phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza. See the refrain jump back, honey, jump back in Paul Lawrence Dunbars A Negro Love Song or return and return again in James Laughlins O Best of All Nights, Return and Return Again. Browse poems with a refrain. rhyme scheme A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyme between lines of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other. In other words, it is the pattern of end rhymes or lines. Bid me to weep, and I will weep While I have eyes to see; And having none, and yet I will keep A heart to weep for thee. rhyme royal A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines, rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Geoffrey Chaucer and termed royal because his imitator, James I of Scotland, employed it in his own verse. In addition to Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde, see Sir Thomas Wyatts They flee from me and William Wordsworths Resolution and Independence. rhythm An audible pattern in verse established by the intervals between stressed syllables. Rhythm creates a pattern of yearning and expectation, of recurrence and difference, observes Edward Hirsch in his essay on rhythm, Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking. See also meter. rondeau Originating in France, a mainly octosyllabic poem consisting of between 10 and 15 lines and three stanzas. It has only two rhymes, with the opening words used twice as an unrhyming refrain at the end of the second and third stanzas. The 10-line version rhymes ABBAABc ABBAc (where the lower-case c stands for the refrain). The 15-line version often rhymes AABBA AABc AABAc. Geoffrey Chaucers Now welcome, summer at the close of The Parlement of Fowls is an example of a 13-line rondeau. A rondeau redoublà © consists of six quatrains using two rhymes. The first quatrain consists of four refrain lines that are used, in sequence, as the last lines of the next four quatrains, and a phrase from the first refrain is repeated as a tail at the end of the final stanza. See Dorothy Parkers Roudeau Redoublà © (and Scarcely Worth the Trouble at That). scansion The analysis of the metrical patterns of a poem by organizing its lines into feet of stressed and unstressed syllables and showing the major pauses, if any. Scansion also involves the classification of a poems stanza, structure, and rhyme scheme. sestet A six-line stanza, or the final six lines of a 14-line Italian or Petrarchan sonnet. sestina A complex French verse form, usually unrhymed, consisting of six stanzas of six lines each and a three-line envoy. The end words of the first stanza are repeated in a different order as end words in each of the subsequent five stanzas; the closing envoy contains all six words, two per line, placed in the middle and at the end of the three lines. The patterns of word repetition are as follows, with each number representing the final word of a line, and each row of numbers representing a stanza: 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 1 5 2 4 3 3 6 4 1 2 5 5 3 2 6 1 4 4 5 1 3 6 2 2 4 6 5 3 1 (6 2) (1 4) (5 3) See Algernon Charles Swinburnes The Complaint of Lisa, John Ashberys Farm Implements and Rutabagas in a Landscape, and David Ferrys The Guest Ellen at the Supper for Street People. Browse more sestinas. simile A comparison (see Metaphor) made with as, like, or than. In A Red, Red Rose, Robert Burns declares: O my Luve is like a red, red rose Thats newly sprung in June; O my Luve is like the melody Thats sweetly played in tune. What happens to a dream deferred? asks Langston Hughes in Harlem: Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet? sonnet A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme originating in Italy and brought to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey in the 16th century. Literally a little song, the sonnet traditionally reflects upon a single sentiment, with a clarification or turn of thought in its concluding lines. spondee A metrical foot consisting of two accented syllables. An example of a spondaic word is hog-wild. Gerard Manley Hopkinss Pied Beauty is heavily spondaic: With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change: Praise him. sprung rhythm A metrical system devised by Gerard Manley Hopkins composed of one- to four-syllable feet that start with a stressed syllable. The spondee replaces the iamb as a dominant measure, and the number of unstressed syllables varies considerably from line to line (see also accentual verse). According to Hopkins, its intended effect was to reflect the dynamic quality and variations of common speech, in contrast to the monotony of iambic pentameter. His own poetry illustrates its use; though there have been few imitators, the spirit and principles of sprung rhythm influenced the rise of free verse in the early 20th century. stanza A grouping of lines separated from others in a poem. In modern free verse, the stanza, like a prose paragraph, can be used to mark a shift in mood, time, or thought. syllabic verse Poetry whose meter is determined by the total number of syllables per line, rather than the number of stresses. Marianne Moores poetry is mostly syllabic. Other examples include Thomas Nashes Adieu, farewell earths bliss and Dylan Thomass Poem in October. Browse more poems in syllabic verse. symbol Something in the world of the senses, including an action, that reveals or is a sign for something else, often abstract or otherworldly. A rose, for example, has long been considered a symbol of love and affection. Every word denotes, refers to, or labels something in the world, but a symbol (to which a word, of course, may point) has a concreteness not shared by language, and can point to something that transcends ordinary experience. Poets such as William Blake and W.B. Yeats often use symbols when they believe in- or seek- a transcendental (religious or spiritual) reality. A metaphor compares two or more things that are no more and no less real than anything else in the world. For a metaphor to be symbolic, one of its pair of elements must reveal something else transcendental. In To the Rose upon the Rood of Time, for instance, Yeatss image of the rose on the cross symbolizes the joining of flesh and spirit. As Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren write in their book Understanding Poetry (3rd ed., 1960),The symbol may be regarded as a metaphor from which the first term has been omitted. synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole (for example, Ive got wheels for I have a car, or a description of a worker as a hired hand). It is related to metonymy. synesthesia A blending or intermingling of different senses in description. Light laughs the breeze in her castle of sunshine, writes Emily Dickinson. In her heavily synesthetic poem Aubade, Dame Edith Sitwell describes the dull blunt wooden stalactite / Of rain creaks, hardened by the light. In George Merediths Modern Love: I, a womans heart is made to drink the pale drug of silence. tautology A statement redundant in itself, such as free gift or The stars, O astral bodies! Also, a statement that is necessarily true- a circular argument- such as she is alive because she is living. tercet A poetic unit of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed. Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain rhymes AAA BBB; Ben Jonsons On Spies is a threes of poems in unrhymed tercets include Wallace Stevenss The Snow Man and David Wagoners For a Student Sleeping in a Poetry Workshop. tetrameter A line made up of four feet. See William Shakespeares Fear No More the Heat o the Sun or Channel Firing by Thomas Hardy. trimeter A line of three metrical feet. Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark employs trochaic trimeter in the first two lines of each stanza. See also Là ©onie Adamss The Mount. trochee A metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable. Examples of trochaic words include garden and highway. William Blake opens The Tyger with a predominantly trochaic line: Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright. Edgar Allan Poes The Raven is mainly trochaic. tone The attitude taken in or by a poem toward the subject and theme. verse As a mass noun, poetry in general; as a regular noun, a line of poetry. Typically used to refer to poetry that possesses more formal qualities. villanelle A French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. These two refrain lines form the final couplet in the quatrain. See Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas, Elizabeth Bishops One Art, and Edwin Arlington Robinsons The House on the Hill. word order The syntactic arrangement of words in a sentence, clause, or phrase.