Alan Cromer’s Connected Knowledge Essay -- Literature Science Debate E

Alan Cromers Connected familiarityA prospective reader casually thumbing through the pages of Alan Cromers Connected Knowledge Science, Philosophy, and Education, would probably expect the book to explore how science and the philosophy of science should inform educational practices and pedagogy. Indeed such an exploration takes place, but the reader might be surprised to find that it is in the form of a vehement crusade Cromer wages against constructivism with science and a scientific habit of mind as his sword and shield. In battle like style, Cromer starts on the defensive, trying to debunk the postmodernist interpretations of modern physics ofttimes used to declare science and thus all other academic pursuits subjective. After defending his own territory (Cromer is a physics professor at Northeastern University), Cromer goes on the offensive against those he deems largely responsible for constructivist thought--the highly fragmented sociological disciplines. First he sets out to demonstrate that by utilise a scientific habit of mind he can create a social theory of human behavior valid across a wide range of cultures and social contexts. In other words, even in the social sciences, eitherthing is not relative. Then he aims to use the tools of psychologists, maze rats and intelligence testing, to disgrace constructivism in favor of standardized education. The DefenseThe amazing transformation the study of physics underwent in the two decades following the turn of the 20th century is a well-known story. Physicists, on the verge of declaring the physical world understood, discovered that existing theories failed to describe the behavior of the atom. In a very short time, a more fundamental theory of the ... ... and in-class performance mediates movement between the groups. ResponseAs the tone of the above discussion probably made clear, I sooner enjoyed the first part of Connected Knowledge, which challenges many of the popular misinterpretation s of modern physics. Cromers arguments are cogent even for the non-scientist, and it is clear that this is his field of expertise. But when Connected Knowledge ventured out of the realm of physics into that of social science, I found the discussion somewhat arrogant. In his attempt to discredit constructivist thought, Cromer offers only one way of appreciation the world. I find such a view too narrow and too restrictive. I am not a relativist in that I see all approaches are equally valid, but I dont believe that science provides the only route to understanding and should be the basis of every decision we make.

Financial Difficulties Facing Power Companies in Brazil :: Energy, electric, Utilities

Due to the size of the losings and their impact on the income of agent distribution utilities, this issue has become a matter of much concern to these enterprises which must estimate them properly and draw up solutions to curb them effectively. Another jam problem on the power market is payment in arrears . Over the past decade, the capacity to make prompt payment for essential services has been displace sharply in Brazil, whether they are provided by the Government or by public utilities private enterprises. With rising unemployment and shrinking income, many consumers are forced to sidestep payment of their electricity bills, particularly in view of steady tariff increases, which rose an averagea total of 231.24% between 1995 and 2004 . (ANEEL, 2004), well over the inflation rate, as a result, it is estimated that undischarged electricity bills in Brazil reached R$ 3.15bn (US$1.3bn) in 2002. The composition of these overdue payments, as per customer group, shows that R$760m i (US$304mi) was caused by unpaid electricity bills from forte and large clients, supplied with high and medium voltages (Group A) R$1,6bn (US$640mi) corresponding to debt built up by residential consumers, sm alone commercial and industrial companies, much from Government facilities, and street-lighting, all supplied by the low voltage network (Group B) and R$800mi (US$320mi) owed by Governments. AGAIN? WHERE THE GOVERNMENT IS? An important point issue is the strong relatiosnships between electricity losses and unpaid bills. These two phenomena are so closely linked that a reduction in one may prompt an increase in the other. A customer caught stealing power is connected up properly to the grid and is then charged for the stolen power, in addition to a fine, payable in installments. If the costumier fails to pay thiese unpaid electricity billss and/or fails to pay the installmentscharges, the power supply is interrupted after some a short time. A customer without power may w ell return to stealing, again becoming again a loss problem. This same cycle may also be triggered by unpaid electricity bills when customers have their power supply cut off because they are unable to pay their bills, they may start to steal through clandestine connections, with confusable consequences. The cycle may start with unpaid electricity bills. A customer unable to pay his/her bill has his/her power supply cut off, which can gallop him/her to steal. In other words, a more severe reaction by public utilities in relation to unpaid electricity bills may have as an unintended and undesirable consequence to turn a defaulters into a thievesf.

Electron Microscope Essay -- science

Electron MicroscopeThe electron microscope has become one of the most widely utilized instruments for materials characterization. An electron microscope is a scientific instrument that allows us to see objects so small that they cannot be seen in any other way. (CITE) Electron microscopes have allowed scientists to see individual molecules and atoms for the foremost time. Most microscopes, including those in schools and laboratories today, are optical microscopes. They use glass lenses to enlarge, or magnify, an image. An optical microscope cannot produce an image of an object smaller than the length of the light thrive in use. To see anything smaller than 2,000 angstroms (about 1/250,000 of an inch) a wave of shorter length would have to be used. In 1923, a French physicist Louis de Broglie suggested that electrons, like light, blend in a wave. In addition, the wavelength of electrons is much shorter than the wavelength of light. An electron is an elementary particle carrying a u nit of charge of negative electricity. (CITE) J. J. Thompson discovered the electron in 1897 darn showing what cathode rays were composed of. (CITE) The first time that the electron was used for a unit of negative electricity was in the late 19th century by the English physicist G. J. Stoney. The electron is the lightest particle having a non-zero rest mass. Electrons also have a wavelike property, which made them prime candidates for microscopes and other devices. Ernst Ruska (190...

German Barbarians :: essays research papers

Just outside the boundaries of the Roman empire of the first and second centuries, beyond the Rhine River, and occupying the area of rudimentary Europe of what is today Germany, lived the tribes of the Germanic people. In Germania, the Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus gave an account of the lifestyles and organization of these peculiar barbarians. These descendants of modern Germans canvassd peculiar in that they follow many qualities typical of barbaric cultures, yet they simultaneously practiced virtues more befitting of advanced civilizations, values more ethical than even the Roman empire of the time. The German warriors had a rigid code that defined how to live honorable lives and shameful acts to avoid committing, and the warriors also adhered to strict tradition in their relationship with their poove or chief.The climate of Germany suited the warriors well. The combination of wild scenery and harsh climate (Tacitus, Germania) had given the barbarians an inherent courage towards cold and hunger over time. To lintel with their surroundings, the warriors had developed powerful physiques, yet their abundant resources of strength and stamina proved not to be a source of pleasure for them, for the warriors had no fondness for feats of endurance or for hard work (Tacitus, Germania). In earthly matters, Germanys apparent lack of precious metals made the warriors quite utilitarian in regards to physical possession. They pet fluid to gold, as silver could be more easily fashioned into useful objects. Only the tribes of warriors on the borders of the Roman empire recognized gold and silver as trading commodities, while the backwoods tribes traded through the simple practice of barter, yielding one item in exchange for another (Tacitus, Germania). The Germanic tribes were by no means idle people. Not content with the quietness characteristic of daily lives built on routine, for rest is unwelcome to the race (Tacitus, Germania), the tribes warred with their neighbors. In intimately cases, the tribes did not engage in voluntarily combat to gain or defend land or to right some alleged wrong against them they broadly fought for two reasons. They first believed that it was easier to distinguish ones self in the uncertainty of war, rather than in the predictability of routine. So war became a way for the barbarians to prove their honor, or sometimes expose their shame, as the abandonment of the shield during combat was the height of disgrace (Tacitus, Germania).

Disagreement with Sigmond Freuds The Future of an Illiusion Essay

To a certain extent I can agree with Freuds views on natural instinct. Without manmade laws and coercion or rules that ar presented by God, cultivation would not survive or even have been born. Yet, as is the case with many other people, I disagree with his views on pietism. I do not believe that religion was created by man, but by a higher being. It is impossible for me to believe that science will destroy religion because for every question science answers many more questions arise. The more science reveals about nature the more apparent it is to me that only a higher being could have created everything. As Freud states I am one of the unpersuadable. Civilization is not only made by technological development but also by a set of rules. The rules remove mans foul instincts such as killing, incest, and cannibalism, which are the elements that work to destroy civilization. Without guidelines or laws our actions would be the same as those of wild animals. Freud says that these laws and doctrines were established so that we could unite and band against the our enemy nature. Imposing laws upon people is a necessary element, yet it causes people to resent this coercion off from their natural instincts. After being forced against their will these people begin to hate civilization but at the same time they continue to beloved it because it provides them with their necessities to live. Freud calls the people the masses because they are the majority of civilization. He says that they are ignorant and lazy, because of this, it easy for them to lapse back to instinctual behavior and into the chaos of nature. Name 2Freud says civilization is founded on religion. For example, T... ...Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a good example of Freuds envisioned civilization. Instead relying on a higher being, the state name 4was to meet all of the peoples needs. When the country failed economically, there were generations of atheists with no belie f system to guide them. This country collapsed because of many reasons but one of them could be the lack of religion. After reading The Future of an Illusion I wondered why Freud was so strongly set against God. Instead of basing his beliefs on faith, he invested himself in the scientific method. Since he could not conduct experiments that led him to the answer, he concluded that it was impossible for a God to exist. Maybe science will one day relieve the phenomenona of today, but there will always be unanswered questions. A discovery will only lead to more questions.

The Tech Museum of Innovation :: Technology Tourism Essays

The Tech Museum of Innovation An abiding curiosity and an insatiable commit to learn how and why things work are the hallmarks of innovation . . . Creativity is nurtured by being receptive and encouraging (Hewlett, 1998, p. 8). The innovation of computers and technologies are being developed enormously in order to serve the needs of mankind. The more community around the area that are eager to learn how to use new computers and technologies, the more I am proud that I am one who lives in a place that many people call, Silicon valley the heart of computers and technologies in the world. I live in San Jose, the capital of Silicon Valley (The City of San Jose, 1999, p. 1). San Jose is surrounded by a great number of hardware and software computer companies. in that location are a lot of job opportunities offered in this region. San Jose, thus, is called, the land of the Silicon Rush, which has replaced Californias Gold Rush, which occurred fifty-two years ago (San Jose Conventio n & Visitors Bureau, 2000, p. 4). People around the world want to go to the land of the Silicon Rush such as businessmen, engineers, college students, and, of course, tourists. Considering tourists, if we look for tourist sites in San Jose, a tourist site that many people are recognized is The Tech Museum of Innovation. The Tech Museum is a museum of technology revolutions. It is a big mango-colored building located centrally in downtown San Jose, at the box seat of Market Street and Park Avenue. Inside the Tech Museum, there are four theme galleries. The first gallery, Communication, global connections, is to give birth how the Internet, television, and communication technology ask brought the world together. The second gallery, Exploration, new frontiers, is to demonstrate an earthquake, investigate under the sea, and use imagination to take people to many different places. The third gallery, Innovation, Silicon Valley and beyond, is to allow visitors to become a Silicon Valley inventor by designing a roller coaster, microchip, and 3-D self-portrait. The fourth gallery, Life tech, the human machine, is to experience machines that keep humans alive and explore technologies which enhance human performance. Moreover, the Tech Museum provides an IMAX Dome Theater, the center for learning, Tech online, the national medal of technology, the center of the edge, and public art. by means of this paper, I will articulate why I selected The Tech as the artifact of this study, what the mission of the Tech Museum I will explore is, what the sources I devote collected are, which method will be employed, and how I will use this method.

The Tech Museum of Innovation :: Technology Tourism Essays

The technical school Museum of Innovation An abiding curiosity and an insatiable desire to learn how and why things work out are the hallmarks of innovation . . . Creativity is nurtured by being receptive and encouraging (Hewlett, 1998, p. 8). The innovation of computers and technologies are being developed enormously in order to hang the needs of mankind. The more people around the world that are eager to learn how to use wise computers and technologies, the more I am proud that I am one who lives in a place that many people call, Silicon Valley the heart of computers and technologies in the world. I live in San Jose, the cracking of Silicon Valley (The City of San Jose, 1999, p. 1). San Jose is surrounded by a great number of hardware and software computer companies. There are a litter of job opportunities offered in this region. San Jose, thus, is called, the pour down of the Silicon Rush, which has replaced Californias Gold Rush, which occurred fifty-two years ago (San Jo se Convention & Visitors Bureau, 2000, p. 4). People around the world want to go to the land of the Silicon Rush such as businessmen, engineers, college students, and, of course, tourists. Considering tourists, if we look for tourist sites in San Jose, a tourist site that many people are recognized is The Tech Museum of Innovation. The Tech Museum is a museum of technology revolutions. It is a big mango-colored building located centrally in downtown San Jose, at the corner of Market Street and common land Avenue. Inside the Tech Museum, there are four theme galleries. The first gallery, Communication, global connections, is to experience how the Internet, television, and communication technology have brought the world together. The second gallery, Exploration, new frontiers, is to demonstrate an earthquake, investigate under the sea, and use imagination to take people to many different places. The third gallery, Innovation, Silicon Valley and beyond, is to allow visitors to become a Silicon Valley inventor by designing a roller coaster, microchip, and 3-D self-portrait. The fourth gallery, Life tech, the human machine, is to experience machines that keep humans alive(predicate) and explore technologies which enhance human performance. Moreover, the Tech Museum provides an IMAX Dome Theater, the center for learning, Tech online, the national medal of technology, the center of the edge, and public art. Through this paper, I pass on joint why I selected The Tech as the artifact of this study, what the mission of the Tech Museum I will explore is, what the sources I have collected are, which method will be employed, and how I will use this method.

Common Misconceptions of Sports Suppluments

Common Misconceptions In todays society, many people mystify started to develop misconceptions more or less swordplays supplys. Because people started this mentality, they have tried to make their own misconceptions about them and telling other people to avoid them. Sports Supplements, also cognise as ergogenic aids, are products to conjure gymnastic performance. These products contain minerals, herbs, vitamins, amino acids, and botanicals. (TeensHealth 1) One of the common misconceptions of sports supplements is that they dont help the human body gain musculus, yet instead fat. The 1) In reality, both(prenominal) people have and see results of the supplements indoors a week, like enhances the persons workouts by going for longer reps, reduces the time of recovery, and gains muscle mass. (The 1) Another known common misconception of sports supplements is that will sports supplements cause me to drum muscle cramps and or get injured. Most of the sports supplements tumesce cause you to cramp up during athletic events, but the guide sports supplement that well cause you to cramp up easily is creatine. Bodybuilding. com 1) If any athlete who uses creatine gets a cramp, they well get told its the posture forcefulness of creatine usage, but in reality its the lack of dehydration, improper electrolyte parallelism, or variety of other factors that can result in cramping. (Bodybuilding 1)Even though whatever athletes think that sports supplements well make them cramp, they also think that the supplements well make their injury risk increase. However, not any sports supplements increase the ability of injuries. Bodybuilding 1) quite an to the contrary actually a study conducted using 72 NCAA division 1 football players as subjects found that the athletes supplementing with creatine experienced less muscle cramps, muscle tightness, muscle strains, dehydration and total injuries. (Bodybuilding 1) Will sports supplements make me a better athlete? Thats a nother common misconception of sports supplements. Many companies say that their supplement well make you a better athlete or stronger, but in reality it wont give you the ability to make you a better athlete or the strengthness to lift more weights for more reps. TeensHealth 1) Ads for sports supplements often use persuasive before and after pictures that make it look easy to get a muscular, toned body. But the goal of supplement advertisers is to make money by selling more supplements, and many claims may be mis joting. (TeensHealth 1) Instead, sports supplements helps the person who is fetching it, it doesnt give any potential ability to the person whom is taking it.Theyre many different types of factors that go into a persons athletic body like diet, how much sleep they get, genetics and heredity, and their training program. (TeensHealth 1) Another common misconception of sports supplements is that they are illegal, like consuming drugs, in reality theyre not they are just ban ned in some organizations such as the Olympics and others more. (The 1) Other than steroids being illegal in the US, Theres a possibleness of another type of sports supplement of getting banned or in others words, illegal.DMMA, also known as dimethylamylamine, a stimulant that Department of Health has categorized to be in the same category such as heroin, cocaine and crystal methamphetamine has been banned in many countries like Canada, New Zealand and several(prenominal) European countries due to two possible deaths in the US and is thought to cause high blood pressure, cardiovascular problems including shortness of breath and possible watch failures like feeling attacks. (Sports 1) Sports supplements have lots of side effects thats one other common misconception.But really, there only a couple of supplements that have a couple of side effects like ephedra, caffeine, carnitine, and creatine do to the human body. (Sport 2) Ephedra, named after containing ephedra alkaloids, a diet itary supplement. The use of ephedra is for weight harm and with the goal of enhancing their performance, increasing energy. Due to the extremely side effects of this supplement, FDA have banned it for a while now on the sale of high process ephedrine, but the doses of 10 mg or less are legal.The side effects of this supplement are headaches, rapid heart rates, increased blood pressure, insomnia, strokes, heart attacks, and death. (Sport 2) Commonly found in sodas, coffee,and energy drinks, caffeine, which provides energy and burns fat. When taken caffeine, it attacks the in the centeral nervous system, increases the awareness, and the perception of less effort used. The side effects of caffeine are increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and insomnia.In addition, a person whos constantly consuming caffeine in their diet can lead into headaches. (Sport 2) Needed in the body for the transportation of fatty acids to mitochondria to be used for energy, carnitine. Thought that it decreases muscle pain, increases endurance, promotes weight loss, and improves cardiac function. (Sport 1) Bieng one of the most popular sport supplements, creatine, is used as a form of phosphocreatine by the body to gain muscle energy.Once used, creatine increase strength, endurance, and muscle gain. While creatine may help out on athletics, it can also help you gain weight, causing a huge impact for athletes. (Sport 2) Lastly, If I take sports supplements, I well just gain weight and get fat. Most of the people that say that are wrong in some way and right at the same time. Even though most of the sports supplements have enough proteins to complete a serving of meal a day, people need to know how to balance their meals while using sport supplements.Especially when using whey protein and creatine, the user can easily gain a couple pounds if not more than expected within a few weeks if not managed his or her diet carefully. Because many of professional athletes use sports suppl ements on a regular basis, they have managed to control their own diet, but some can eat more than a normal person is expected to due to the intense hardcore workouts that they do.But some just hire dietetics, (The 1) a person practical application of diet in relation to health and disease. (Dietetics 1) In todays society, many people do not go steady sports supplements and the benefits they can bring to the athlete who is serious about increasing their level of performance for his or her sport. Most supplements have little or no side effects, and can seriously help and improve the athletes ability at his or her own sport.

Art Essay

Why should we make art? What is the purpose? How does it affect our farming , generation and or world? Art is an expression of oneself that is shared between people due to many did efferent personal reasons that contribute to the happiness and delight felt from c aerating, viewing and pondering art. Some of these personal reasons that people have to justify the creation of art is the pleasure it provides, the creativity it gives you, the feeling of freedom, and the lifelong challenge or self growth.Art effects are culture because it helps defines eras through t he way what kind of art was created and how the art was created. Art provides grand pleasure for those who create art because of its relaxing an true. It gives you time to yourself and time away from stressful jobs, classes and relations pips that all require a substantial amount of vigor from you. It simply gives you time to be alone a ND in solitude from the world.It allows you to think deeper than just the superficial e xpression of he art and allows you to shape problems in other areas of your life through the simple relaxing nature of creating and viewing art. Art can give you an excess of creativity to use in other aspects of life. As you c intention to view and ponder art, you keep pushing yourself to see the art in different ways.

Nursing Research Problem Essay

Infections ar a common cause of both morbidity and mortality in premature babes examples of infections include necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis (infection of the bloodstream). Infections in premature infants result in prolonged ventilation, prolonged hospitalization, and richlyer medical costs, and can cause neurodevelopment impairment (Manzoni et al., 2009). The use of high-potency antibiotics can lead to resistant strains of bacteria and potentially damage the infants liver and/or kidney function. Within the past decade, research has turned from finding treatments to finding methods to reduce infections.Breastfeeding and human milk has been well chokeed through research to provide immunity and positive outcomes for preterm and full-term infants. Breastfeeding and human milk provides nutritional, gastrointestinal, immunological, developmental, and psychological benefits to preterm infants and plays an important role on their long-term health and development (Callen & Pinelli, 2005). The components of breastmilk that support immunity include lactoferrin, lysozymes, interferon, and sIgA antibody (Callen & Pinelli, 2005).Specifically, lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein found not only in breastmilk, but also in saliva, tears, and otherwise bodily secretions LF has biological functions which include immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant set up, and inhibits evolution of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses (Yen et al., 2009). The described functions of LF support the protective role in immunity. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the effects of oral lactoferrin subjoining on reducing infections in preterm infants. spirit of Problem and Importance to Nursing PracticeA nosocomial infection is described as an infection that is acquired after 48 hours of hospital admission (Rodriguez et al., 2010). In neonates,a late-onset infection is defined as an infection obtained after the perinatal period (Manzoni et al., 2009). noneocomial infections include infections of the gastrointestinal nerve tract (necrotizing enterocolitis, NEC), blood stream (sepsis), and lung (pneumonia). The effects of an infection in a preterm infant can lead to poor growth, adverse long-term neurological sequelae, increased length of hospital stay, and a square cost to families, hospitals, and society (Rodriguez et al., 2010, p. 207). The risk of nosocomial infections increases with the decreasing birth weight and gestational age, and roughly 21% of very(prenominal) low birth-weight (VLBW) infants will encounter a late-onset infection (Stoll et al., 2002).The most common gastrointestinal infection in premature infants is NEC, affecting 2.6% to 28% of VLBW infants (Lin et al., 2005). NEC is widely considered as a multifactorial disease, with no specific pathogenesis three major factors have been proposed the presence of a pathogenic organism, the challenge of enteral feeding, and altered enteric mucosa integrity (Lin et al., 2005). NEC is characterized by necrotizing injury to the intestine that requires antibiotic treatment and, in severe cases, surgical intervention (Brooks et al., 2006, p. 347). Reduction of infections in preterm infants is of high priority and active research is macrocosm performed to find safe clogative measures, improve patient outcomes, and decrease hospital length of stay.Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein found in mammalian milk and is important in inseparable immune host defenses (Manzoni et al., 2009). Partial digestion of LF in the stomach produces peptides called lactoferricin that contain more potent antimicrobial activity (Yen et al., 2009). Human colostrum contains more LF than breastmilk, saliva, tears, or other mucosa linings in the body. Studies have been performed to determine bovid or porcine LF effect on prevention of infection in mice and rat pups conclusions showed a decrease in the frequency of bacterial infections in the GI tract while pro moting the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species, which are generally believed to be beneficial to the host (Yen et al., 2009, p. 591).Bovine, porcine, and human LF molecules are similar, and bovid and porcine LF has been reported to show higher antimicrobial activity compared to human LF (King et al., 2007). In 2001, the US Food and medicate Administration declared bovid lactoferrin generally recognized as safe(CFSAN, 2001). Bovine or human LF can be given up as a formula additive, breastmilk additive, or given to patients by swabbing of the mouth, either actively feeding or with nil per os (NPO) statuses. research studies have now been performed on the effects of bovine or porcine LF on prevention of infections in VLBW and preterm infants, and LF shows to be a promising agent of prevention.Evidence-based Practice QuestionEvidence-based utilization (EBP) is defined as a practice that involves clinical decision-making based on the best available evidence, with an e mphasis on evidence from disciplined research (Polit & Beck, 2008, p. 753). Nursing practices are changing in the neonatal intensive care unit to include swabbing of the infants mouth with colostrum every six hours to assist in prevention of infection and improve feeding tolerance. The following question is authentic to determine the outcomes of infection prevention by LF in preterm infants Does the supplementation of LF decrease the occurrence of nosocomial infections in preterm infants?Conceptual/Theoretical FrameworkThe studies reviewed did not point out a conceptual or theoretical framework pertaining to the relationship of the subjects investigated. A conceptual model of nursing, Levines preservation Model, can be utilized in applying the methods investigated to provide care and prevention of infection in preterm infants. Levines Conservation Model is focused in promoting adaptation and maintaining wholeness using the principles of conservation ( true Nursing, 2010). The mode l guides the nurse to focus on the influences and responses at the organismic level and accomplish the goals of the model through the conservation of energy, structure, and personal, and social integrity ( flowing Nursing, 2010).Conservation of energy in preterm infants is necessary for appropriate growth, and is achieved by adequate rest and nutrition fighting an infection in preterm infants results in NPO status and irritability, thus expending energy. The conservation of structural integrity means to prevent physical breakdown andpromote healing, and is the consequence of an effective immune system (Current Nursing, 2010). The technique of LF supplementation and its potential preventative outcome on infection helps the patient conserve energy and structural integrity.Variables and FindingsManzoni et al. (2009) performed a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial examining whether oral supplementation with bovine LF alone or in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) reduces late-onset sepsis in 472 VLBW infants. The independent variable of this study is the supplementation of bovine LF or LGG and the dependent variable is the occurrence of infections in VLBW infants. The study randomly allocated infants into three groups groups consisted of a control group (n = 168, infants supplemented with a placebo) and an observational group (n = 153, infants given bovine LF alone and n = 151, infants given bovine LF with LGG). The main outcome measured the first episode of late-onset sepsis (sepsis occurring after 72 hours of birth) all tests were two-tailed, and P .05 was considered statistically pregnant (Manzoni et al., 2009).When stratifying for birth weight, Manzoni et al. (2009) noted a significant decrease in late-onset sepsis in extremely low birth-weight (ELBW, birth-weight 1000g) infants (P = .002 for bovine LF v. control and P = .002 for bovine LF plus LGG v. control) whereas it was not significant in infant s weighing 1001 to 1500 g (P = .34 for bovine LF v. control and P = .07 in bovine LF plus LGG v. control). Overall, the results showed a significant decrease in the occurrence of infection in VLBW infants in the experimental groups versus the control group (P = .002 for bovine LF v. control and P .001for bovine LF plus LGG v. control) (Manzoni et al., 2010).A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study examined the impact of bovine LF supplementation to bottle-fed infants (King et al., 2006). The participants include 52 infants between the age of 0-4 weeks of age, 34 weeks of gestational age, and 2000 g, and who were strictly bottle-fed. The infants were randomized in a double-blind fashion the control groupreceived a minor(ip) dose of bovine LF and the experimental group received a higher dose of bovine LF (King et al., 2006). The independent variable is the supplementation of the higher dose of bovine LF and the dependent variable is the impacts observed in the first year of li fe.The outcomes measured included diarrhea, upper respiratory infection (URI), acute otitis media (AOM), and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The infants were examined six times throughout the year on the measured outcomes. The results showed a significant decrease in the occurrence of LRTIs in the experimental group than in the control group (P 0.05) (King et al., 2006). Even though this study did not include preterm infants 34 weeks, the effects of bovine LF are still apparent in the protection against infection.Yen et al. (2009) performed a study to examine the effects of porcine LF as a selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) regimen in neonatal mice. Transgenic mice were generated to express porcine LF the neonatal mice fed from the transgenic mice and were then challenged with pathogens to evaluate in vivo antimicrobial activity of porcine LF (Yen et al., 2009). The control group contained mice that were fed normal milk and the experimental group cont ained mice that were fed the porcine LF (Yen et al., 2009). The independent variable is the transgenic mice with porcine LF supplementation and the dependent variable is the antimicrobial activity observed.The outcome measures included the growth rate of the mice pups, the state of the intestinal tract mucosa, and the circulating cytokines (Yen et al., 2009). Yen et al. (2009) concluded that the experimental group of neonatal mice showed a significant reduction of severity of affection (P .01), a significant inhibition of microbial survival in the intestinal tract (P .01), and a significant decrease in the number of bacteria courteous (P .05) than in the control group. The authors proposed that porcine LF is an ideal natural SDD regimen for the prevention of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients (Yen et al., 2009).ConclusionResearch has proven the high incidence of a nosocomial infection and its adverse outcomes in a preterm infant. The efforts of research have chang edto finding a method to reduce or prevent nosocomial infections in preterm infants. Human colostrum is best in supplying the infant with LF to fight infection, but other methods of supplying LF are being studied. Research has recently proven that the supplementation of bovine LF has decreased the occurrence of infections in VLBW and preterm infants.Future research should include a larger, neonatal population specifically targeting VLBW and/or ELBW infants and the effect of LF supplementation on prevention of NEC. Further studies are needed to determine the dosing, duration, and type of LF (bovine, porcine, or human) that will be most effective in the prevention of infection in preterm infants without causing adverse effects or intolerance (Venkatesh & Abrams, 2010).ReferencesBrooks, H. J. L., McConnell, M. A., Corbett, J., Buchan, G. S., Fitzpatrick, C. E., & Broadbent, R. S. (2006). Potential prophylactic value of bovine colostrum in necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates an in vit ro study on bacterial attachment, antibody levels, and cytokine production. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 48, 347-354. doi10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00151.xCallen, J. & Pinelli, J. (2005). A review of the literature examining the benefits and challenges, incidence and duration, and barriers to breastfeeding in preterm infants. Advances in Neonatal Care, 5(2), 72-88. doi10.1016/j.adnc.2004.12.003Current Nursing. (2010). Levines four conservation principles. Retrieved on September 23, 2010 from http//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Levine_four_conservation_princples.htmlKing, J. C., Cummings, G. E., Guo, N., Trivedi, L, Readmond, B. X., Keane, V., de Waard, R. (2007). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study of bovine lactoferrin supplementation in bottle-fed infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 44(2), 245-251.Lin, H., Su, B., Chen, A., Lin, T., Tsai, C., Yeh, T., & Oh, W. (2005). oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necroti zing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics, 115 (1), 1-4. doi10.1542/peds.2004-1463Manzoni, P., Rinaldi, M., Cattani, S., Pugni, L., Romeo, M. G., Messner, H., Farina, D. (2009). Bovine lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of late-onset sepsis in very low birth-weight neonates. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(13), 1421-1428. Retrieved on September 4, 2010 from http//jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/302/13/1421Polit, D. E., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Rodriguez, N. A., Meier, P. P., Groer, M. W., Zeller, J. M., Engstrom, J. L., & Fogg, L. (2010). A pilot study to determine the safety and feasibility of oropharyngeal administration of own mothers colostrum to extremely low-birth-weight infants. Advances in Neonatal Care, 10(4), 206-212.Stoll, B. J., Hansen, N., Fanaroff, A. A., Wright, L. L., Carlo, W. A., Ehrenkranz , R. A., Poole, W. K. (2002). Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates the experience of the NICHD neonatal research network. Pediatrics, 110(2), 285-291. Retrieved September 9, 2010 from http//pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/2/285US Food and Drug Administration, CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety. (2001). Agency response letter GRAS notice (No. GRN 000077). Retrieved on September 23, 2010 from http//www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/GenerallyRecognizedAsSafeGRAs/GRASListings/ucm154188.htmVenkatesh, M. P., & Abrams, S. A. (2010). Oral lactoferrin for the prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. CochraneDatabase of Systematic Reviews, Art. No. CD007137 (5). doi10.1002/14651858.CD007137.pub2Yen, C., Lin, C., Chong, K., Tsai, T., Shen, C., Lin, M., Chen, C. (2009). Lactoferrin as a natural regimen for selective decontamination of the digestive tract recombinant porcine lactoferrin expressed in the milk of transgen ic mice protects neonates from pathogenic challenge in the gastrointestinal tract. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 199, 590-598. doi10.1086/596212

Health care challenges Essay

Our coun assay is set to face a new way of managing health which could potentially change the surround on how nurses deliver fright. As our nation prepares for the implementation of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, nursing as a healing profession has to be open to what the approaching of health management holds. The goal is to have all registered nurses reach a high level of understanding and acquire tools necessary to domiciliate the best possible way at a low cost.It is both moral and professional obligation of our leaders to ensure that highly competent and tumefy trained nurses are available throughout this transition. To achieve this goal, nurse educators are the key players to train both novice and seasoned nurses to the change based on the new policies and evidence-based research. However, our Nurse Educators are overwhelmed with their current work load hence causing faculty shortage in the country.A recent study published on 2011 aimed to explore the relation of nursing faculty shortage to their workload, determine if there are evidences that the faculty workload is not equitable and the implication/effect to the nursing research and nursing academic.According to this study, there are multiple factors that influence the nursing faculty shortage such as lack of interest from the nurses to try academic careers, time spends to clinical practice defers pursuance into academic positions, low salaries, high educational costs, nursing education dissatisfaction and most importantly low institutional financial backing for additional nurse educator positions. Nancy Falk stated in her article that despite current critical shortage and growing demand for nurses and nurse educators, federal official funding falls far short of addressing these healthcare workforce challenges.Workforce projections suggest that the US will face a shortage of 285,000 nurses by 2015 and 500, 000 by 2025. (Mason, Leavitt & Chaffee, 2012, p 58). Also, American Association Colleges of Nursing reported on 2011-2012, that nursing schools turned away 75,587 applicants who are qualified for baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs because of short(p) nursing faculty including clinical preceptors.These challenges ultimately impact the future of patient care if not addressed. Faculty leaders must work in alliance to create a strategy that will help prevent further faculty shortage by focusing on balanced faculty workload to avoid burnout. This article emphasized on the continuous support by government officials especially adequate funding to nursing education.AACN is allocating its resources to protect federal funding for academic development programs, identify strategies to prevent nursing educator shortage. Additional solution is to create a mentorship program for nurse faculty. This strategy was confirmed by various literature and studies to promote nursing faculty recruitment and retention. Mentorship brings encouragement and direction to clinical educators who are new to the role and prevent burnout.Health care system will be lost without nurses in our society. Statistic shows that there are currently 2.9 million nurses in the United States but nurses with special skills such as in education is extremely needed. Nurse Educators, in some ways, affect the lives of everyone. It is through this role where highly competent, compassionate healers such as nurses are produced. The future of the nursing profession depends on a steady supply of nurses to provide the quality care to patients (Cowen & Moorhead, 2011, p. 60)

Commerce Education and Employability

COMMERCE EDUCATION AND EMPLOYABILITY It is commonly agreed that breeding should aim at holistic reading of the individual. Further, such instruction should be in harmony with the hostel and the nature. To quote the great Indian philosopher Sri Aurobindo, education should aim at either round development of the personality, which includes education of the sense, body, mind, moral and liven upual education. The concepts of only round development of personality, or holistic development include completely the sayings of development-intellectual, spiritual, moral, economic, etc.However, round philosophers carry defined the economic aims of education. Christopher Winch1 a British scholar says education is broadly, although not exclusively concerned with preparation for life or for particular variant of life. He gave three prospects to this concept of education, which ar fulfilment, civic participation and vocation and specifies that the individual conception of education, as they can be open in particular societies at particular time, consists of distinct junto of these different aspects.In order to define the objectives of mercantilism education, it may be important to go a little into its history. The origin of commerce education can be traced to the 19th century. It started with the didactics of dexterity based courses of typing and book keeping, to meet the emerge manpower requirements in these areas. With an increase in commercial activities and expanding upon of banking, insurance, transportation and other cogitate services, the nature and scope of commerce education changed. From a vocational bias in the initial years, the focus changed to providing liberal transmission line education.Some experts even gave different objectives for different stages or levels of education. For example, Prof. Dasgupta (1959) used three different expressions to indicate condescension education, at three different levels. At the secondary level (highe r secondary stage), it was referred to as commercial education, covering specific skills programmes at the first stratum stage, the term used was commerce education, to cover frequent stream courses for preparing semi professionals and at post graduation level, it was termed as Professional Business knowledge, with the aim of preparing experts in specific areas.In other words, commerce education, at less than degree level was referred to as commercial education or vocational strain education. However, the commonly accepted view at founder is that commerce education at higher secondary stage is not merely to punish the skill or vocational enquires of pupils tho leads staple fibre understanding of the various principles, procedures and shits cerebrate to trade. It also fosters an understanding of the economy, of the community in which activities tie ind to traffic and fabrication takes place. It prepares the learners to take up line of descent concern career.The sec ondary schools should therefore, provide the assimilators with knowledge of the background of commerce and of the way it affects the life of the community, apart from the commercial knowledge and skills. This compound approach to the liberal and vocational education has the support of many another(prenominal) modern thinkers on education. It is argued that education should turn the people to both(prenominal)thing he knows whole nigh and can do closely. Thus, commerce should be taken as both a knowledge subject and a skill subject. The specific objectives of academic stream of commerce education i) To provide knowledge of principles, practices, procedures, etc. bout business, trade and fabrication and its relationship with the society ii) To provide primary knowledge of technological tools including computers and its application in business iii) To develop an understanding of the surroundings in which we live and harness various activities relating to business iv) To devel op basic skills needed to undertake different commerce related activities v) to educate learners in different functional areas and develop their basic understanding about the same vi) To develop right aptitude and qualities for undertaking business and commerce related activities and vii) to encourage the spirit of entrepreneurship and prepare learners to enter into a business career. Linkage with the Industry The present curriculum has been found to be only middling utilitarian to the industry. In order to make it more useful it is suggested that the students should be exposed to practical knowledge, a) by engaging them on project ply, or auxiliary with industry, and b) establishing interaction with industry through vault of heaven visits, involving professionals in pedagogics, and organising lectures by industry experts/successful entrepreneurs.It was generally perceived that the present curriculum offered low degree of opportunities of skill development to the students of c ommerce As a result, the pass-outs of higher secondary course only hold up theoretical or conceptual background of various aspects of business and trade. When it comes to the practical knowledge when they are asked to perform an activity, the results are kinda poor because the required skills bring in not been developed in them. This is a common situation, which affects the acceptability of the students by the industry as well as the users of services. The industry looks for skilled people who have a practical exposure to various commerce related activities and possess generic skills like communication skills, problem-solving skills etc. As the present curriculum offers low opportunities of skill development, need for rectifying the position has been powerfully felt. confused suggestions received to remedy the situation in this regard include organization of field visits, on the job training of the students, improving the infrastructural facilities and provision for establishmen t of commerce laboratories in the schools. fortify linkages Any serious effort to make the commerce curriculum relevant to the industry and increasing its acceptability would require strengthening of linkages amidst the school and the industry. Various suggestions have been received in this regard, from the responding stakeholders. These are discussed as follows. Firstly, it is strongly felt that organising field visits to business ecommercial establishments etc. would be of great help in exposing the students to the true(a) seduce of business.For example, the student may be taken to a factory and shown how goods are being manufactured or packaged. This exit progress to them a significant feel of the various processes and an opportunity or relating these to what is being taught in the class. This is very important for sustaining their interest in the subject and making them useful to the employers as well as to the society in general. Second, it is suggested that industrial i nternship, to three to quaternary weeks duration, during the summer vacation (or some other vacations), would be quite encouraging in providing the students an opportunity of actually working in an spatial relation or in the field environment.Third, the students may be assigned some project work relating to the subject of study. Let us say while learn the chapter on marketing, the students may be asked to go to their local market and find out which brands of a particular product, say toothpaste or toilet soap are available in a retail outlet which of these are preferred by a particular class of buyers (say people belonging to lower income group) and wherefore? Further, the schools may regularly organize seminars, workshops and discussions where experts from industry are invited to participate and interact with the students. For example, sharing of experiences by successful entrepreneurs may be of great interest and advantage to the student.Fifth, the schools may be encouraged to traffic circle up commerce laboratory where the students can practice through charts, models, computer games, exploration on internet, etc. some of the practical aspects of what is taught in the class. Other important suggestions received for strengthening the linkages include making a provision for extensive training of the teachers and inducing industry for bridal of schools so that the course can run efficiently. If the teachers are not trained regularly, they would not be able to impart knowledge and skills about the latest developments in their field. Moreover, the role of teachers is changing fast. They have to work like facilitators, in the present day valet de chambre of information and fast changing technological and economic environment.Thus, yearly training of teachers is very important for effectively running a course. As regards the strategy for development of linkages, it is agreed enterprises, it is agreed that the industry should be persuaded to cooperate with the schools. entrepreneurial Values The present curriculum was perceived to be offering low degree of opportunities for development of entrepreneurial values, attitudes and skills. As a result most of the pass-outs were include to look for some wage employment opportunities, after completing their studies. This creates a lot of reach on the already soaring list of unemployed youth in the country and need improvements. The students may be induced towards entrepreneurship.The entrepreneurial values, attitudes and skills should be educate from schools days so that the pass-outs can be prepared to set up their own ventures instead of looking for wage employment to improve the situation, various suggestions. allow organization of field visits, adoption of case study approach, teaching of biographies of successful entrepreneurs, use of small Business Games and Mock stock exchange proceedings for teaching these aspects and bringing change in the orientation of curriculum and textbooks , to co-ordinated entrepreneurial value and attitudes. employment grooming needs the infusion of fresh ideas so as to provide a stimulating, supporting and sustaining environment. The Social Context of Education The education system does not function in isolation from the society of which it is a part.Hierarchies of caste, economic status and gender relations, cultural diversity as well as the uneven economic development that characterize Indian society also deeply influence access to education and participation of children in school. except at the same time, ball-shapedisation and the spread of market relations to every sphere of society have important implications for education. Business Studies Syllabi and Textbooks The syllabi and textbooks in commerce have been prepared according to the principles of the National Curriculum Framework. 1. The chapter on Social Responsibility of Business discusses how a business unit has to take care of the society of which it is a part.Ever y business needs to act in a accessiblely desirable manner and prize its employees, the community and the environment in which it operates. Our objective is to sensitise the student to social issues and concerns and the fact that business can do a lot for society, while fulfilling its social obligation. Environmental P rote learningction also forms part of the chapter where conservation and industrial pollution are discussed. Business Ethics is also included to make students aware of honorable and responsible behaviour of a business. This also instills in a student value of personal ethics and standards and a code of conduct which can be applied in personal life also.Interrelationships however between business ethics and individual ethics need to be huntn by the teachers. 2. The global and local perspective and rural development needs to be taken care of. Small Business has been included in the syllabus and covers tiny and cottage industries and assistance to business provided by the government to small business reasons of including this in the syllabus. Rural Development and growth is a priority area and has been given a special emphasis in the latest year plans and all documents pertaining to economic development. In fact, marketers are depending on the rural demand and markets. Examples from rural business have been given throughout the book to sensitise children to the rural aspect of the country.Local perspective needs emphasis as a student is always able to relate to his local surroundings, therefore, local examples are better understood by them. 3. Connecting knowledge to life outside school. The environment in which a business operates forms an important aspect of arrangement. A business unit has to constantly interact with the economic, political, level-headed and social environment. The business environment is dynamic in nature and examples can be taken from all around us, newspapers, business magazines, business TV programmes and the internet. focal point has to respond to all these changes and this chapter has been specially included so that students are aware of what is going on in the economic, political, legal and social environment.A business has to analyse the environment before taking decisions. 4. Projects, activities and case problems have also been included to ensure that learning is shifted from rote methods. Creativity is a value that needs to be fostered. At the end of each chapter projects, activities and case problems have been given. 5. Boxes includes enrichment material taken from newspapers, business magazines and the internet. We hope these will enable students to connect textual knowledge to the business cosmea Students should draw interrelationships between the text and the news in the print and electronic media. The Objective is to give students an idea of what is happening inside a business. 6.We live in an age of unprecedented violence, local regional, national and global. Values of love, coopera tion, non violence, peace are universal and need to be emphasized again and again. Social equality and justice is an integral part of peace education. Our chapter on social responsibilities emphasizes social equality and justice but teachers need to return the concept and connect it to place in society. The topic on cooperative societies and international business are based on the spirit of cooperation. Cooperation as a value needs to be re emphasized by teachers and then lead the student to imbibe the value of cooperation. International agreements, WTO and GATT are all based in international cooperation.Since management involves doing work systematically and resolving conflict situations, while we are teaching management we can revisit the idea of maintaining peace and harmony within an organization. Coordination of activities ensures harmonious relationships which is what manage motivation which again is related to peace and harmony. The teacher in the class needs to draw interc onnections between the text and values of peace and non-violence. This has become approximately an essential and moral duty of every teacher. 7. India is a multicultural society and all groups have equal rights to coexist and flourish. In our texts we have tried to give business examples from all regions.When the social environment of business is taught then certain examples can be taken up so that students have a intermediate idea of the pluralistic society in which we live. 8. Any economic development affects the Financial foodstuff and ultimately every business unit in some way or the other. The role of major financial institutions and banks are becoming prominent in the financial markets. The fluctuations in the capital market are out-of-pocket to a variety of reasons. How the political, economic and social changes affect the markets can be studied, it will be going beyond the textbook. However, students will find it very interesting. These topics are important, current issu es and students need to be aware of such topics as they shape the countrys future and economic development.In fact, the whole world is looking at India and China since they are relatively strong economies because of the regulatory mechanisms in the financial markets. Reference 1. www. ncert. nic. in/programmes/teacher_edu/pdfs/Commerce. pdf In Service instructor Education Manual for Teachers and Teacher Educators in Commerce. 2. Emerging Trends in Commerce and Management, Santosh Gupta, Published in University unseasoneds41 (05) 2003 3. Recent Trends in Commerce and Management Education, Dr. V. V. Khanzode, Strling Publishers Private Limited. 1990 4. National Policy on Education1986 an Appraisal, DoabaHouse, New Delhi. 1989 5. Commerce and Management Education in India,Ed. K. V. Sivayya,Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 1990Commerce Education and EmployabilityCOMMERCE EDUCATION AND EMPLOYABILITY It is commonly agreed that education should aim at holistic development of the indiv idual. Further, such development should be in harmony with the society and the nature. To quote the great Indian philosopher Sri Aurobindo, education should aim at all round development of the personality, which includes education of the sense, body, mind, moral and spiritual education. The concepts of all round development of personality, or holistic development include all the aspects of development-intellectual, spiritual, moral, economic, etc.However, some philosophers have defined the economic aims of education. Christopher Winch1 a British scholar says education is broadly, although not exclusively concerned with preparation for life or for particular phase of life. He gave three aspects to this concept of education, which are fulfillment, civic participation and vocation and specifies that the individual conception of education, as they can be found in particular societies at particular time, consists of distinct combination of these different aspects.In order to define the objectives of commerce education, it may be important to go a little into its history. The origin of commerce education can be traced to the 19th century. It started with the teaching of skill based courses of typing and book keeping, to meet the emerging manpower requirements in these areas. With an increase in commercial activities and expansion of banking, insurance, transportation and other related services, the nature and scope of commerce education changed. From a vocational bias in the initial years, the focus changed to providing liberal business education.Some experts even gave different objectives for different stages or levels of education. For example, Prof. Dasgupta (1959) used three different expressions to indicate business education, at three different levels. At the junior level (higher secondary stage), it was referred to as commercial education, covering specific skills programmes at the first degree stage, the term used was commerce education, to cover general st ream courses for preparing semi professionals and at post graduation level, it was termed as Professional Business Education, with the aim of preparing experts in specific areas.In other words, commerce education, at less than degree level was referred to as commercial education or vocational business education. However, the commonly accepted view at present is that commerce education at higher secondary stage is not merely to satisfy the skill or vocational needs of pupils but provides basic understanding of the various principles, procedures and practices related to business. It also fosters an understanding of the economy, of the community in which activities related to business and industry takes place. It prepares the learners to take up business career.The secondary schools should therefore, provide the students with knowledge of the background of commerce and of the way it affects the life of the community, apart from the commercial knowledge and skills. This integrating appr oach to the liberal and vocational education has the support of many modern thinkers on education. It is argued that education should turn the people to something he knows well and can do well. Thus, commerce should be taken as both a knowledge subject and a skill subject. The specific objectives of academic stream of commerce education i) To provide knowledge of principles, practices, procedures, etc. bout business, trade and industry and its relationship with the society ii) To provide basic knowledge of technological tools including computers and its application in business iii) To develop an understanding of the environment in which we live and undertake various activities relating to business iv) To develop basic skills needed to undertake different commerce related activities v) to educate learners in different functional areas and develop their basic understanding about the same vi) To develop right aptitude and qualities for undertaking business and commerce related activiti es and vii) to encourage the spirit of entrepreneurship and prepare learners to enter into a business career. Linkage with the Industry The present curriculum has been found to be only moderately useful to the industry. In order to make it more useful it is suggested that the students should be exposed to practical knowledge, a) by engaging them on project work, or attachment with industry, and b) establishing interaction with industry through field visits, involving professionals in teaching, and organising lectures by industry experts/successful entrepreneurs.It was generally perceived that the present curriculum offered low degree of opportunities of skill development to the students of commerce As a result, the pass-outs of higher secondary course only have theoretical or conceptual background of various aspects of business and trade. When it comes to the practical knowledge when they are asked to perform an activity, the results are rather poor because the required skills have not been developed in them. This is a common situation, which affects the acceptability of the students by the industry as well as the users of services. The industry looks for skilled people who have a practical exposure to various commerce related activities and possess generic skills like communication skills, problem-solving skills etc. As the present curriculum offers low opportunities of skill development, need for rectifying the position has been strongly felt.Various suggestions received to improve the situation in this regard include organization of field visits, on the job training of the students, improving the infrastructural facilities and provision for establishment of commerce laboratories in the schools. Strengthening linkages Any serious effort to make the commerce curriculum relevant to the industry and increasing its acceptability would require strengthening of linkages between the school and the industry. Various suggestions have been received in this regard, fro m the responding stakeholders. These are discussed as follows. Firstly, it is strongly felt that organising field visits to business ecommercial establishments etc. would be of great help in exposing the students to the real work of business.For example, the student may be taken to a factory and shown how goods are being manufactured or packaged. This will give them a real feel of the various processes and an opportunity or relating these to what is being taught in the class. This is very important for sustaining their interest in the subject and making them useful to the employers as well as to the society in general. Second, it is suggested that industrial internship, to three to four weeks duration, during the summer vacation (or some other vacations), would be quite helpful in providing the students an opportunity of actually working in an office or in the field environment.Third, the students may be assigned some project work relating to the subject of study. Let us say while t eaching the chapter on marketing, the students may be asked to go to their local market and find out which brands of a particular product, say toothpaste or toilet soap are available in a retail outlet which of these are preferred by a particular class of buyers (say people belonging to lower income group) and why? Further, the schools may regularly organize seminars, workshops and discussions where experts from industry are invited to participate and interact with the students. For example, sharing of experiences by successful entrepreneurs may be of great interest and utility to the student.Fifth, the schools may be encouraged to set up commerce laboratory where the students can practice through charts, models, computer games, exploration on internet, etc. some of the practical aspects of what is taught in the class. Other important suggestions received for strengthening the linkages include making a provision for extensive training of the teachers and inducing industry for adopti on of schools so that the course can run efficiently. If the teachers are not trained regularly, they would not be able to impart knowledge and skills about the latest developments in their field. Moreover, the role of teachers is changing fast. They have to work like facilitators, in the present day world of information and fast changing technological and economic environment.Thus, periodic training of teachers is very important for effectively running a course. As regards the strategy for development of linkages, it is agreed enterprises, it is agreed that the industry should be persuaded to cooperate with the schools. Entrepreneurial Values The present curriculum was perceived to be offering low degree of opportunities for development of entrepreneurial values, attitudes and skills. As a result most of the pass-outs were included to look for some wage employment opportunities, after completing their studies. This creates a lot of stress on the already soaring list of unemployed y outh in the country and need improvements. The students may be induced towards entrepreneurship.The entrepreneurial values, attitudes and skills should be groomed from schools days so that the pass-outs can be prepared to set up their own ventures instead of looking for wage employment to improve the situation, various suggestions. Include organization of field visits, adoption of case study approach, teaching of biographies of successful entrepreneurs, use of small Business Games and Mock stock exchange proceedings for teaching these aspects and bringing change in the orientation of curriculum and textbooks, to incorporate entrepreneurial value and attitudes. Commerce Education needs the infusion of fresh ideas so as to provide a stimulating, supporting and sustaining environment. The Social Context of Education The education system does not function in isolation from the society of which it is a part.Hierarchies of caste, economic status and gender relations, cultural diversity as well as the uneven economic development that characterize Indian society also deeply influence access to education and participation of children in school. But at the same time, globalisation and the spread of market relations to every sphere of society have important implications for education. Business Studies Syllabi and Textbooks The syllabi and textbooks in commerce have been prepared according to the principles of the National Curriculum Framework. 1. The chapter on Social Responsibility of Business discusses how a business unit has to take care of the society of which it is a part.Every business needs to act in a socially desirable manner and respect its employees, the community and the environment in which it operates. Our objective is to sensitise the student to social issues and concerns and the fact that business can do a lot for society, while fulfilling its social obligation. Environmental Protection also forms part of the chapter where conservation and industrial poll ution are discussed. Business Ethics is also included to make students aware of ethical and responsible behaviour of a business. This also instills in a student value of personal ethics and standards and a code of conduct which can be applied in personal life also.Interrelationships however between business ethics and individual ethics need to be drawn by the teachers. 2. The global and local perspective and rural development needs to be taken care of. Small Business has been included in the syllabus and covers tiny and cottage industries and assistance to business provided by the government to small business reasons of including this in the syllabus. Rural Development and growth is a priority area and has been given a special emphasis in the latest year plans and all documents pertaining to economic development. In fact, marketers are depending on the rural demand and markets. Examples from rural business have been given throughout the book to sensitise children to the rural aspect of the country.Local perspective needs emphasis as a student is always able to relate to his local surroundings, therefore, local examples are better understood by them. 3. Connecting knowledge to life outside school. The environment in which a business operates forms an important aspect of management. A business unit has to constantly interact with the economic, political, legal and social environment. The business environment is dynamic in nature and examples can be taken from all around us, newspapers, business magazines, business TV programmes and the internet. Management has to respond to all these changes and this chapter has been specially included so that students are aware of what is going on in the economic, political, legal and social environment.A business has to analyse the environment before taking decisions. 4. Projects, activities and case problems have also been included to ensure that learning is shifted from rote methods. Creativity is a value that needs to be fo stered. At the end of each chapter projects, activities and case problems have been given. 5. Boxes includes enrichment material taken from newspapers, business magazines and the internet. We hope these will enable students to connect textual knowledge to the business world Students should draw interrelationships between the text and the news in the print and electronic media. The Objective is to give students an idea of what is happening inside a business. 6.We live in an age of unprecedented violence, local regional, national and global. Values of love, cooperation, non violence, peace are universal and need to be emphasized again and again. Social equality and justice is an integral part of peace education. Our chapter on social responsibilities emphasizes social equality and justice but teachers need to revisit the concept and connect it to place in society. The topic on cooperative societies and international business are based on the spirit of cooperation. Cooperation as a val ue needs to be re emphasized by teachers and then lead the student to imbibe the value of cooperation. International agreements, WTO and GATT are all based in international cooperation.Since management involves doing work systematically and resolving conflict situations, while we are teaching management we can revisit the idea of maintaining peace and harmony within an organization. Coordination of activities ensures harmonious relationships which is what manage motivation which again is related to peace and harmony. The teacher in the class needs to draw interconnections between the text and values of peace and non-violence. This has become almost an essential and moral duty of every teacher. 7. India is a multicultural society and all groups have equal rights to coexist and flourish. In our texts we have tried to give business examples from all regions.When the social environment of business is taught then certain examples can be taken up so that students have a fair idea of the p luralistic society in which we live. 8. Any economic development affects the Financial Market and ultimately every business unit in some way or the other. The role of major financial institutions and banks are becoming prominent in the financial markets. The fluctuations in the capital market are due to a variety of reasons. How the political, economic and social changes affect the markets can be studied, it will be going beyond the textbook. However, students will find it very interesting. These topics are important, current issues and students need to be aware of such topics as they shape the countrys future and economic development.In fact, the whole world is looking at India and China since they are relatively strong economies because of the regulatory mechanisms in the financial markets. Reference 1. www. ncert. nic. in/programmes/teacher_edu/pdfs/Commerce. pdf In Service Teacher Education Manual for Teachers and Teacher Educators in Commerce. 2. Emerging Trends in Commerce and Management, Santosh Gupta, Published in University News41 (05) 2003 3. Recent Trends in Commerce and Management Education, Dr. V. V. Khanzode, Strling Publishers Private Limited. 1990 4. National Policy on Education1986 an Appraisal, DoabaHouse, New Delhi. 1989 5. Commerce and Management Education in India,Ed. K. V. Sivayya,Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 1990

Different Leadership Theories on Premier Inn

Different Leadership Theories on Premier Inn The theories which be followed by thePremier Innare now being described in the below 1. Great Man Theories of Leadership in Premier Inn This based on the conviction inPremier Innthat leaders are outstanding populace, instinctive with inborn qualities, destined to show the way. The make use of of the expression man was deliberate because until the concluding part of the 20thcentury management was consideration of as a thought that is primarily gentleman, martial and Western.This actually led to the after that school of Trait Theories which is discussed in the below 2. Trait Theories of leadership in Premier Inn This is actually the lists of traits or qualities connected through management which survive in great quantity and continue to be produced is called trait theory. They attain on practically each and every one the adjectives in the lexicon which explain a number of positive or virtuous people characteristic, from purpose to thirst for life. 3.Behaviorist Theories of leadership in Premier Inn These actually think on what leaders in fact do somewhat than on their characters. These different patterns of demeanor are now experiential and categorized as the styles of leadership. 4. Situational Leadership in Premier Inn This theory sees management as specific to the circumstances in which it is organism exercised. For example, at the same time as some situations may necessitate a tyrannical style, others may need a more participative advance. 5.Contingency opening of leadership in Premier Inn This theory is a modification of the situational perspective and focuses on to theidentifying of the situational variables which best forecast the most suitable or streamlined leadership style to fit the scrupulous conditions. 6. Transactional Theory of leadership in Premier Inn This theory emphasizes on the significances of the association between person in charge and followers, focusing on the communal benefits resul tant from a form of agreement through which the leader delivers such things as plunders or acknowledgment in revisit for the promise or devotion of the followers.

Good and Evil in Bless Me Ultima Essay

The conscious of children is based on the influence of their milieu their notions of good and evil are the result of the moral atmosphere they breathe. In the novel Bless Me, Ultima the briny character Antonio is exposed to good and evil. He is young and never re eithery was exposed to evil darknessce he is always home and safe away from it. Antonio is affected by the actions of good and evil by means ofout the book. The offset printing time Antonio played evil was Lupitos death. I turned and ran.The dark shadows of the river enveloped me as a race for sanctuary homeThe horror of darkness had never been so complete as it was for me that night. (pg. 22) Home is seen as the safest pasture for Antonio. He knows he is going to be comforted by Ultima or his mother and its the start-off place he thinks of going. Lupito is playing the part of evil. That is how Antonio sees is because all the men in town are after(prenominal) him I prayed that he would listen to Narcisco and that t he angry and frustrated men on the bridge would not pass on moral sin (pg.21) Although Lupito is part of evil in the novel, Antonio doesnt want anything to happen to him. Antonio is very spectral and is why he doesnt want anything to be d peerless. He doesnt want the men to sin and believes that God will forgive what Lupito did after all. The Second grand encounter is when Florence dies. It was a warm day. I felt the sweat cold on my face and arms. The sun Glistened on the wide waters of the lake. (pg. 239). Antonio knows something is faulty when he sees the other boys screaming and shouting.At this point Antonio has confronted evil many times only this is an important event. After other occasions he has matured quite a bit and is growing into grounds life a little more. It is god who has sinned against me his voice thundered, and we fell back in horror at the blasphemy he uttered. (pg. 213)Florence for a while is seen as evil. He was one of the peck who in a way corrupted the way Antonio thought and his beliefs. Florence isnt aware he did such thing only Antonio stands strong with his religion. When Florence dies, he isnt evil anymore.He is just a child that needed athletic supporter in guiding him. The death affects Antonio for weeks and Ultima always seeks a way I how to comfort him. The last encounter in the whole novel is Ultima dying. Ultima- I cute to cry out, dont die, Ultima. I wanted to rip death away from her and the owl. (pg. 260) Since birth, Antonio is very attached to Ultima and the first day he met her as a young man she knows there would be something special between them. Shanking her hand he as wellspring right away knows that there is something unexplainable.Ultima is the one who shows and guides him into whatever he needs to know since no one ever takes the time to do so. .. and after mass we would take her body to the cemetery in Las Pasturas for burial. moreover all that would only be the ceremony that was prescribed by cu stom. Ultima was really buried here. Tonight. (pg. 262) Ultima is the good who people make her seem evil. Others try making Antonio believe that she isnt a good person but him and his family knows for a fact that it isnt true. Tenorio is the Evil throughout the book.His stubbornness doesnt let anyone get through to him and gets others to think that Ultima isnt good. In the end she is exposed to everyone but there is nothing that could be do since she has passed away. Antonio is devastated but has grown. There is nothing that could be done. Good and evil stream throughout the novel. Antonio is affected by events that dont necessarily include him. Lupitos death, Florences death and Ultimas death all cooperated in changing Antonio. He is a strong young man that before is ignorant and wasnt exposed to events in life.

Blockbuster image

There are 2 types of diversification related and unrelated. Related diversification is where the company enters an associated trade/ industry while unrelated diversification enters a market place/industry with minimal to no experience at all. Relating these strategies to Blockbuster Inc, current portfolio, it loud attend that H. W. Huskinesss focus is on Diversification. As diversification is the option which entails the greatest risk (and potentially the greatest reward), alternatives essential be presented to ensure that a) risk would be minimized and b) sustainability/growth must be achieved. A. mend market penetration by concentrating resources on Video Rentals only. Financially, a low-risk option where the company will continue to crystalise or potentially increase their revenue by obtaining word picture rental customers from their competitors without having to spend on acquiring ewe and unsure businesses. O Sell previously acquired business units (e. Music retailer, TV and film shares, etc) and reinvest peachy on promotions and rebinding as necessary. O Company could further specialize in current product marketing and development. O The concept of putting your eggs in one basket is somewhat of a risk in itself as the company would be fully reliant on the video rental market alone. B. Improve market penetration and venture on market development o This option has the benefits of Option A above without the risk of fully invest company resources n the local video rental market alone.As the local market is relatively saturated, upstart markets may be obtained internationally. O The relative risk is that investing in stores internationally will require capital and that the international markets may not be as responsive as local ones. C. Maintain/improve current public presentation of Video Rental sub-unit and pass on Diversification o Relatively risky option where current resources will be used not only to explore refreshed products but explore ne w market s as well. O This option however, when executed properly can ensure the companys true not only as a video rental giant but as an entertainment company. Done in the wrong expression however can lead to disastrous results and the companys downfall eventually. Current capital made through the bullion cow of video rentals can be used to subsidize the newly purchased businesses in terms of capital investment, research and the like to improve the companys position in the market for such. O If met with a certain take aim of success, the company can also explore market/product development for not only video rentals but for their new products as well. V. Decision Option C Maintain/improve current performance of Video Rental sub-unit and Continue Diversification Though risky and work/capital intensive at the start, having the foresight of venturing into other forms related business as well would be most logical.However, through minute planning and prudent investing of current res ources for future endeavors (in this case packaging the company as an upcoming changes in market structure and customer demand. Film and TV shares can be considered as slow-witted integration which could strengthen their hold on the home entertainment market while putting up entertainment centers can be seen as moving out of the same niche which they have thrived in for the past years. All this, while keeping their thriving home entertainment business segment intact. The come upon here in essence is to milk the cow for whatever its got, invest profits to penetrate new markets, engage in new segments and continuously redesign the company to meet the ever changing demand of the entertainment scene.Should this option fail if the related investments falter, the company should still be able to function at the present tit its strong market presence. Given however that the industry has been classified as a slow growing one, opportunities to gain more market share and/or segments should never be overlooked. Researching and adapting to new forms media for home entertainment should be focus of Blockbuster Inc (I. E. Product development) if they want to retain their claim as one of the biggest home entertainment companies. 1 Anions Growth Strategy Matrix, Business Strategy http//www. Acanthus. Com/databanks/ strategy/business_strategy. PH? Asps (Accessed on July 1 2, 2013)

Analysis of Memories of an Immigrant

Today, during our broadcasting, we on the wholeow talk active immigration, particularly the huge immigrations period, from the end of the 19th century to the showtime of the 20th century, to the USA nearly 12 million immigrants, coming from all parts of the world, arrived in the linked States between 1870 and 1900. To discuss of this subject with us, the famous author of Memories of an immigrant, Mary Wilde, will present her book. Good morning, as you know, immigration is an important subject in the world today.But, what did you decide to write a book slightly it, and what did you choose this time in particular. Memories of an immigrant is a biography of my grand-mother Annie McBride, an Irish immigrant. Social and cultural differences of immigrants have create north-American culture. In your book, why did your grand-parent decide to immigrate to the USA? Annie was born in 1880 in Ireland. She emigrated in 1901 because she cute personal freedom or relief from political and re ligious persecution.Actually, there were political subordination by the British policy and religious prejudice of Protestant Masters to the Catholic Irish. In 1845, the great spud rot killed many of the crops population had planted and a famine resulted, but 50 years later the situation was the same. What were her expectations and dreams? Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, and famine, she came to the U. S. because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity golden Land . She decided to settle down in the US to start a sunrise(prenominal) life, in order to have give away prospects, so as to earn a better living.She hopped for a better future. Did she go with all her family in the Golden land? Hers parents slip byd when she was young but she was raised by her uncle peak and his wife a couple of farmers. In 1895, Bill immigrated to the new country while his wife and Annie would solemn in Ireland. later on he had worked and earned money for the passage of th em, they could have joined him. There is an distil of her journey to the US. Annie McBride said My journey to Ellis Island Day 20 Im in this boat since 20 days. It is so long. I thought the trip gonna be less demanding.I am in steerage class my stern is not comfortable at all. I sleep with six other persons, a French muliebrity and an old German man. The four others, I dont know their name, I didnt understand their language. They are kind passel I ate with them yesterday evening, in the dormitory. My only diner was a lukewarm soup, a turn potatoes and a stringy beef. The quality is poor, but it was good compared to the piece of bread we had in Ireland. I hushed have two months to end this trip. During the day, I talk with Julie and Gunter, my bedrooms mates.I learn very much about their country their lives and why did they decide to come to the USA. For me, eating potatoes was a miracle, in Ireland the potato famine was a disaster and left lot of people destitute. I had the f eeling that I was living the beginning of my new life. A life without fears and problems. I am very hopeful and impatient. Yesterday I didnt succeed to sleep, outside, a huge storm was rumbling. I was afraid because I hate storms and I always thought that in the ocean, it could be very dangerous.One hour ago, when I talked with her, Julie told me that the captain wasnt very nice, he committed knowledgeable offences. I think this behavior is inappropriate to a female passenger, and I dont understand why he used this language. There is not drinking water on the boat. Yesterday, I drunk water with and horrible rancid smell and I had an unbearable stomach ache. I staid in my bed all the day, I was so bored. I heard that a typhus disease appeared on the boat. Im afraid, its gonna increase my unceasing pressure, this illness made lot of dead people in Ireland.I will propose to people to play cards with me, stay without do anything is just impossible, I think I will die of boredom. This day will end in four hours and let the place to some other long and hard traveling day. I cant wait to arrive to USA. To see this new country, this new people, to live my new life. How was the arriver in the US and at Ellis Island? After four weeks in the boat, she made out the shore finished the fog and was very excited. Annies first view of the United States was at Ellis Island in New York.After going away the ship all the immigrants had medical and legal inspections. If they were healthy and if they had 25$ they were allowed to leave Ellis Island and start their new lives. After inspections, where did she go? Bill told her the situation was very difficult when he arrived in the USA. In the ship, he met another Irish Sean who proposed to him to go to Philadelphia where there were working opportunities the country was growing and it needed men to do the glum work of building bridges, canals, and railroads.Thus, they were engaged to do work of building of railroads and canals, for miserable wages. They were forced to live in cellars because of poverty. Their brogue and dress provoked ridicule their poverty and illiteracy provoked scorn. Then, Bill and Sean settled in the already existing Irish communities, where Catholic Churches had been built, and cultural traditions were carried out. Consequently, Molly, Bills wife, and Annie joined him at Philadelphia. They erect work as chamber maid and caretaker of children. The Church played an integral part in their lives.It was a Church who fought not only for their souls but also for their human rights. Often stereotyped and discriminated against, many immigrants suffered verbal and physical abuse because they were different. Their transition into American life, however, was not smooth as the Irish minority came into exact and sometimes violent conflict with the Protestant majority. After 10, Annie had children with Sean, and in 1950, she founded a college, today renowned, in Virginia. give thanks you for yo ur presentation and participation, Mary Wilde.

Human Development Essay

Ten year old Greg, listens to his younger sibs plea for signing a Pargonnt Confirmation Report for school affirming that the advert was awake(predicate) ab step up the child in question non completing his home test paper. Father is out of town, and mother is sick in bed. Greg has to think quickly as to how to react to this plea keeping in mind the dilemma of doing a molest deed of signing a parent report without the parents knowledge and protecting the young one from the teachers wrath the next day.He knows well, he cannot share it with the parents. Greg finally gives in to his brothers plea just this once, but stringently warns him not to repeat this again. The next day Greg bakes a cake for his sick mother, as repentance for his harm deed. According to Piagets theory, Greg can be said to be evolving from the second lay out of Moral pragmatism to the third stage of Moral Relativity.Greg is at an age entrance stage as per this theory as he displays way from moral relativi ty stage by accepting to do a wrong deed for the sake of protecting his brother and not troubling the sick mother thereby displaying stage-appropriate manner that rules are not fixed, and can be changed by mutual consent.However, Greg also displays behavior from the earlier stage of moral realism by warning his brother not to repeat the act as rules are made by an authority and should be observed. He vents out his feelings of guilt by doing a supernumerary deed for his mother by baking a cake for her. According to Kohlbergs theory, Greg displays classic behavior from the Conventional level, stage 3, the Good Boy-Girl stage. He yearns to be the good brother and good son by doing what is required of him in the dilemma.However, he also displays some behavior of the stage 4, Law and order, that the act is wrong, and should not be repeated hereafter, thereby suggesting his transitional phase between the two stages. Greg is not displaying age appropriate behavior considering Kohlbergs s econd level of reasoning develops in early adolescence. Greg seems to be at an locomote level as per this theory. References Berk, L. E. (1996). Moral development. Child Development (pp. 481-489). New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.

Home Made Candles

Homemade cd Materials Matches Cotton Oil Salt Glass container Procedure Step1 found a salt in the container Step2 Put a little crude in the container Step3 History of Candles Candles have cast a light on mans progress for centuries. However, there is very little known about the origin of wax lights. Although it is often written that the showtime candles were developed by the Ancient Egyptians who used rush lights, or torches, made by soaking the compendious core of reeds in molten tallow, the rush lights had no wick like a candle.It is the Romans who argon credit with developing the wick candle, using it to aid travellers at dark and lighting homes and places of worship at night. worry the early Egyptians, the Romans relied on tallow, gathered from cattle or sheep suet, as the principal ingredient of candles. It was not until the center field Ages when bees heighten, a substance secreted by honey bees to make their honeycombs, was introduced. Bees uprise candles were a marked improvement all over those made with tallow, for they did not produce a smoky flame, or emit an acrid odor when burned.Instead, beeswax candles burned pure and clean. However, they were expensive, and, therefore, only the wealthy could afford them. Colonial women offered Americas premier contribution to candle do when they discovered that boiling the greyish green berries of bayberry bushes produced a sweet-smelling wax that burned clean. However, extracting the wax from the bayberries was extremely tedious. As a result, the popularity of bayberry candles soon diminished.The growth of the whaling industry in the late eighteenth century brought the first major(ip) change in candle making since the middle Ages, when spermaceti, a wax obtained by crystallizing sperm whale oil, became available in touchstone. Like beeswax, the spermaceti wax did not stir a repugnant odor when burned. providedmore, spermaceti wax was found harder than both tallow and beeswax. It did not soften or become in the summer heat. Historians note that the first standard candles were made from spermaceti wax.It was during the 19th century when most major developments affecting contemporary candle making occurred. In 1834, inventor Joseph Morgan introduced a machine which allowed continuous business of moulded candles by the use of a cylinder which featured a movable piston that ejected candles as they solidified. Further developments in candlemaking occurred in 1850 with the production of paraffin wax made from oil and coal shales. Processed by distilling the residues left after crude petroleum was refined, the bluish-white wax was found to burn cleanly, and with no unpleasant odor.Of superior significance was its cost paraffin wax was more economical to produce than any preceding candle fuel developed. And while paraffins low melting point may have posed a brat to its popularity, the discovery of stearic acid solved this problem. Hard and durable, stearic acid was being produce d in quantity by the end of the 19th century. By this period, most candles being fabricate consisted of paraffin and stearic acid. With the presentation of the light bulb in 1879, candlemaking declined until the turn of the century when a renewed popularity for candles emerged.Candle manufacturing was further enhanced during the first half of the 20th century through the growth of U. S. oil and meatpacking industries. With the increase of crude oil and meat production, also came an increase in the by-products that are the basic ingredients of contemporary candles paraffin and stearic acid. No longer mans major source of light, candles continue to grow in popularity and use. Today, candles symbolize celebration, mark romance, define ceremony, and tension decor continuing to cast a warm glow for all to enjoy. Candle Use & SafetyHow are candles made? While modern candle-making processes vary, most candles are made through the timeless process of placing a cotton wick into wax which is then molded, dipped, extruded, pressed, rolled, drawn or filled into a desired regulate and size. What is the best way to store candles? Candles should be stored in a cool, dark, dry place and, for tapers, in a flat position to prevent warping. When stored properly, candles can be enjoyed for years and play an important role in traditions. Does the industry have standards for candles?Domestic candle manufacturers have a long tradition of making towering quality, long-lasting and safe candles. National Candle Association members manufacturers and suppliers are working with the American Society for examen and Materials (ASTM) to implement voluntary standards for candles. Are candles safe to use? Candles are safe when burned properly and responsibly, and check to manufacturers directions. When hot candles, consumers should always follow these simple, common sense steps never leave a burning candle unattended cargo hold candles out of the reach of children and pets trim wicks prior to each use and keep trimmed keep candles away from drafts, vents and flammable objects cancel out a candle that smokes (check instructions before re-lighting) extinguish candle when ? of wax remains in a container use only candle holders that have been manufactured for use with candles keep matches and other debris out of the candle Extinguish the flame if it burns besides close to the container or holder do not move a glass container when the wax is liquid.